{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:59:34Z","timestamp":1787846374657,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of diaphragmatic contraction and relaxation on the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. Pressures in the oesophagus, LOS, and stomach were measured in three phases. Phase I, end tidal expiration; phase II, subjects inspired to total lung capacity (TLC) and kept the airway open (sustained diaphragmatic contraction); and phase III, at TLC subjects relaxed against a closed glottis (diaphragm relaxed). The LOS pressure in phase II was significantly higher than in phase I, while in phase III it was significantly lower compared with phase I. There was a net increase in LOS pressure of 32 mmHg in phase II as compared to phase I. After phase II, as subjects moved into phase III, there was a sudden drop in the LOS pressure. The LOS pressure in phase II correlated with the transdiaphragmatic pressure in a linear fashion. These observations suggest that diaphragmatic contraction in man enhances the LOS pressure and this augmentation of sphincter tone may be a vital component of the antireflux mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.12.1564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"1564-1568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Effect of the diaphragmatic contraction on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in man."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"R K","family":"Mittal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D F","family":"Rochester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R W","family":"McCallum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Genesis of basal sphincter pressure: effect of tetrodotoxin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure","volume-title":"opossum in vivo. Gastroenterology 1976; 61","author":"Goyal, R.K.; Rattan, S.","unstructured":"Goyal RK, Rattan S. Genesis of basal sphincter pressure: effect of tetrodotoxin on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in opossum in vivo. Gastroenterology 1976; 61: 62-7."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"479","article-title":"The diaphragm in Gray's Anatomy. 30th American Edition","author":"Clemeute, C.D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Clemeute CD. The diaphragm in Gray's Anatomy. 30th American Edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985: 479-80."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"723","article-title":"Role of the diaphragm in the genesis of lower esophageal sphincter pressure","volume-title":"the cat. Gastroenterology 1985; 88","author":"Boyle, J.T.; Altschuler, S.M.; Nixon, T.E.; Tuchman, D.N.; Al, Pack; Cohen, S.","unstructured":"Boyle JT, Altschuler SM, Nixon TE, Tuchman DN, Pack Al, Cohen S. Role of the diaphragm in the genesis of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the cat. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 723-30."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32784-2","article-title":"Effect of esophageal movement on intraluminal esophageal pressure recordings","volume":"67","author":"Dodds, W.J.; Stewart, E.T.; Hogan, W.J.; Steff, J.J.; Arndorfer, R.C.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Dodds WJ, Stewart ET, Hogan WJ, Steff JJ, Arndorfer RC. Effect of esophageal movement on intraluminal esophageal pressure recordings. Gastroenterology 1974; 67: 592-600.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.24.6.741","article-title":"Influence of diaphragm activity on the measurement of total chest compliance","volume":"24","author":"Miranda, J.M.; Lourenco, R.V.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Miranda JM, Lourenco RV. Influence of diaphragm activity on the measurement of total chest compliance. J Appl Physiol 1968; 24: 741-6.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.3.497","article-title":"Relationship between the work output of respiratory muscles and end-tidal CO, tension","volume":"18","author":"Milic-Emili, J.; Tyler, J.M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Milic-Emili J, Tyler JM. Relationship between the work output of respiratory muscles and end-tidal CO, tension. J Appi Physiol 1963; 18: 497-504.","journal-title":"J Appi Physiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(76)80199-0","article-title":"A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement","volume":"71","author":"Dent, J.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dent J. A new technique for continuous sphincter pressure measurement. Gastroenterology 1976; 71: 263-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(72)80142-2","article-title":"Alteration of lower esophageal sphincter characteristics with respiration and proximal esophageal balloon distension","volume":"62","author":"Winans, C.S.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Winans CS. Alteration of lower esophageal sphincter characteristics with respiration and proximal esophageal balloon distension. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 380-8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107152","article-title":"Movement of the feline esophagus associated with respiration and peristalsis. An evaluation using tantalum markers","volume":"52","author":"Dodds, W.J.; Stewart, E.T.; Hodges, D.; Zboralske, F.F.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dodds WJ, Stewart ET, Hodges D, Zboralske FF. Movement of the feline esophagus associated with respiration and peristalsis. An evaluation using tantalum markers. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1-13.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80194-7","article-title":"Influence of respiration on recording of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in humans","volume":"83","author":"Welch, R.W.; Gray, J.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Welch RW, Gray JE. Influence of respiration on recording of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in humans. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 590-4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108114","article-title":"and force of closure of the human lower esophageal sphincter and esophagus","volume":"56","author":"Biancani, P.; Zabinski, M.P.; Pressure, Behar J.; tension","year":"1975","unstructured":"Biancani P, Zabinski MP, Behar J. Pressure, tension, and force of closure of the human lower esophageal sphincter and esophagus. J Clin Invest 1975; 56: 476-83.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Reflex inhibition of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) following stimulation of pulmonary vagal","volume-title":"afferent receptors [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1353","author":"Boyle, J.T.; Altschuler, S.M.; Patterson, B.I.; Pack, A.L.; Cohen, S.","unstructured":"Boyle JT, Altschuler SM, Patterson BI, Pack AL, Cohen S. Reflex inhibition of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) following stimulation of pulmonary vagal afferent receptors [Abstract]. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1353."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.36.3.169","article-title":"Limitation of transdiaphragmatic pressure in detecting diaphragmatic weakness","volume":"36","author":"Detroyer, A.; Estenne, M.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Detroyer A, Estenne M. Limitation of transdiaphragmatic pressure in detecting diaphragmatic weakness. Thorax 1981; 36: 169-74.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.3.1153","article-title":"Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo","volume":"61","author":"Bellemare, F.; Ritchie, B.B.; Woods, J.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bellemare F, Ritchie BB, Woods JJ. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm in vivo. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 1153-61.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.2.405","article-title":"Force length relationship of the normal human diaphragm","volume":"53","author":"Braun, N.M.; Arora, N.S.; Rochester, D.F.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Braun NM, Arora NS, Rochester DF. Force length relationship of the normal human diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1982; 53: 405-12.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109667","article-title":"Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects","volume":"65","author":"Dent, J.; Dodds, W.J.; Friedman, R.H.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH, et al. Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic human subjects. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 256-67.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(82)90009-X","article-title":"Reflux inhibition of the diaphragm by esophageal affarents","volume":"30","author":"DeTroyer, A.; Rosso, J.","year":"1982","unstructured":"DeTroyer A, Rosso J. Reflux inhibition of the diaphragm by esophageal affarents. Neuroscience Letters 1982; 30: 43-6.","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.28.12.1564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T21:09:59Z","timestamp":1765660199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.28.12.1564"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.28.12.1564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.28.12.1564","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]}}}