{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T17:51:00Z","timestamp":1765648260710,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Osmoreceptors in the upper small bowel may delay gastric emptying by inhibiting fundal tone and\/or by increasing outflow resistances. In this study we examined the contribution of postpyloric resistances to this braking system. Seven dogs had gastric emptying of 250 ml 15% dextrose, labelled with 99mTc-DTPA, measured by gamma camera imaging (preoperative studies: n = 21). A proximal duodenal cannula was inserted and studies repeated in four modes: with the cannula closed (n = 14); with total diversion of gastric effluent through the cannula (n = 7); with diversion and downstream reinstillation of effluent at a constant rate (n = 14) equivalent to emptying calculated from studies without diversion; and with diversion and total reinstillation of effluent (n = 14). Gastric emptying at 90 minutes was similar in preoperative studies (48 +\/- 5% - mean +\/- SEM) and in those with the cannula closed (50 +\/- 3%). By comparison 'total diversion' produced rapid emptying over 90 minutes (97 +\/- 1%; p less than 0.001). Reinstillation of effluent at a constant rate reduced the 90 minute emptying to 59 +\/- 6%, and total reinstillation slowed emptying further to 37 +\/- 4% (p less than 0.05). Neither reinstillation protocol yielded gastric emptying rates that were significantly different from those in studies without diversion. With total reinstillation, emptying and hence reinstillation rates were more variable, proceeding in a step and plateau fashion. We conclude that canine jejunal osmoreceptor activity is mediated through the stomach, with postpyloric resistances playing little or no role. Gastric emptying curve analysis suggested that increments of rapid small bowel filling provoke exaggerated braking responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.8.950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"950-954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Small bowel resistances and the gastroduodenal brake."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"N J","family":"Parr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J S","family":"Grime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J N","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Critchley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C R","family":"Mackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal","volume-title":"contents in man. Gastroenterology 1975","volume":"68","author":"Meeroff JC, Go VL, Phillips SF","unstructured":"Meeroff JC, Go VL, Phillips SF. Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1144-51."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90138-4","article-title":"Intestinal control of human postprandial function: the role of components of jejunoileal chyme in regulating gastric secretion and gastric emptying","volume":"80","author":"Miller, A.J.; Malagelada, J.; Taylor, W.F.; Go, V.L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miller AJ, Malagelada J, Taylor WF, Go VL. Intestinal control of human postprandial function: the role of components of jejunoileal chyme in regulating gastric secretion and gastric emptying. 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Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 1114-9."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.12.1109","article-title":"Effects of nutrient liquids on human gastroduodenal motor activity","volume":"24","author":"White, C.M.; Poxon, V.; Alexander-Williams, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"White CM, Poxon V, Alexander-Williams J. Effects of nutrient liquids on human gastroduodenal motor activity. Gut 1983; 24: 1109-16.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.10.826","article-title":"Atraumatic non-distorting pyloric sphincter pressure studies","volume":"21","author":"McShane, A.J.; O'Morain, C.; Lennon, JR, Coakley; JB, Alton; B.G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"McShane AJ, O'Morain C, Lennon JR, Coakley JB, Alton BG. Atraumatic non-distorting pyloric sphincter pressure studies. 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The relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and the dumping syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Ralphs, D.N.L.; Thomson, J.P.S.; Haynes, S.; Lawson-Smith, C.; Hobsley, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Ralphs DNL, Thomson JPS, Haynes S, Lawson-Smith C, Hobsley M, Le Quesne LP. The relationship between the rate of gastric emptying and the dumping syndrome. Br J Surg 1978; 65: 637-4 1.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3109\/00365527809182205","article-title":"Comparison of gamma camera and withdrawal methods for the measurement of gastric emptying","volume":"13","author":"Delin, N.A.; Axelsson, B.; Johansson, C.; Poppen, B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Delin NA, Axelsson B, Johansson C, Poppen B. Comparison of gamma camera and withdrawal methods for the measurement of gastric emptying. 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