{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:37:41Z","timestamp":1765604261021,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspirated fasting gastric juice from patients with lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and from healthy controls was analysed for nitrite before and after (30, 90, and 240 min) oral administration of 200 mg nitrate. Wilcoxon's rank-sum tests showed no significant differences in fasting gastric juice nitrite concentrations between healthy controls and patients after proximal gastral vagotomy or with gastric\/duodenal ulcer (median less than or equal to 0.7 ppm NO-2) and only moderate increases after nitrate administration. Chronic atrophic gastritis patients and patients with Billroth I or II gastric resections showed median concentrations of 2 ppm NO-2 which increased to 20 ppm (up to 200 ppm in one Billroth II patient) after administration of nitrate. Endogenous formation of N-nitrosoproline using the NPRO-test was determined in two groups with low (healthy control and proximal gastral vagotomy patients) and high (Billroth I and II patients) gastric nitrite concentrations. After 12 h fasting, 200 mg nitrate was orally administered, followed 30 min later by 500 mg L-proline. Endogenously formed N-nitrosoproline which is quantitatively excreted in urine was determined in urine over the following 24 hours. In over 80% of the urine samples collected from Billroth I and II patients no detectable NPRO was found whilst in over 85% of the healthy controls and proximal gastral vagotomy patients up to 33.5 micrograms NPRO was detected. In vitro nitrosation kinetics showed that at gastric pH greater than 4 present in both, patients with Billroth I and II resections and with chronic atrophic gastritis, nitrosation of proline does not occur. As alternative chemical probes for quantifying potential endogenous nitrosation in hypoacidic patients the methyl and ethyl esters of proline were investigated. In vivo nitrosation of these two new probes was established in animal experiments using rats and was shown to occur in vitro at pH 4-5. During incubation in human gastric juice, however, almost 30% ester cleavage by non-specific gastric esterases occurred within the first five minutes, thus further limiting the use of these compounds in determining endogenous nitrosation in hypoacidic patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.8.1068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"1068-1075","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proline is not useful as a chemical probe to measure nitrosation in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with gastric disorders characterised by anacidic conditions."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Adam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Schlag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Preussmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Eisenbrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00524152","article-title":"Organotrope carcinogcnc Wirkungen bei 65 verschiedenen N-Nitroso-Verbindungen an BD-Ratten","volume":"69","author":"Druckrcy, H.; PreuBmann, R.; Ivankovic, S.; Schmahl, D.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Druckrcy H, PreuBmann R, Ivankovic S, Schmahl D. 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Japan Sci Soc Prcss, Tokyo; Univ Park Press, Baltimore, 1979: 185-94.","journal-title":"Japan Sci Soc Prcss"},{"issue":"1984","key":"ref_3","first-page":"13","article-title":"Formation and analysis of nitrosamines in tobacco products and their endogenous formation in tobacco consumers","volume-title":"compounds: occurrence, biological effects and relevance to hluman cancer","volume":"57","author":"Hoffmann, D.; Brunnemann, K.D.; Adams, J.D.; Hecht, S.S.","unstructured":"Hoffmann D, Brunnemann KD, Adams JD, Hecht SS. Formation and analysis of nitrosamines in tobacco products and their endogenous formation in tobacco consumers. In: O'Neill IK, von Borstel RC, Miller CT, Long J, Bartsch H, eds. N-nitroso compounds: occurrence, biological effects and relevance to hluman cancer. 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Cancer Lett 1987; 34: 39-47.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"492","article-title":"Effect of ascorbic acid treatment on gastric juice nitrite and N-nitroso compound concentrations in achlorhydric subjects","volume-title":"Gut","volume":"24","author":"P1, Reed; K, Summers; PL, Smith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Reed P1, Summers K, Smith PL, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid treatment on gastric juice nitrite and N-nitroso compound concentrations in achlorhydric subjects. Gut 1983; 24: 492-3."},{"issue":"1987","key":"ref_12","first-page":"524","article-title":"Gastric hypoacidity as a risk factor for gastric and other cancers","volume":"84","author":"Caygill, C.P.; Leach, S.A.; Kirkham, J.S.; Northfield, T.C.; Hall, C.N.; Hill, M.J.","unstructured":"Caygill CP, Leach SA, Kirkham JS, Northfield TC, Hall CN, Hill MJ. Gastric hypoacidity as a risk factor for gastric and other cancers. In: Bartsch H, O'Neill 1, Schulte-Hermann R, eds. Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms. Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No 84, 1987: 524-6.","journal-title":"Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No; Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"391","article-title":"N-nitrosamine formation by microorganisms isolated from human gastric juice and urine: biochemical studies on bacteria-catalysed nitrosation","volume-title":"of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms","author":"Calmels, S.; Ohshima, H.; Crespi, M.; Leclerc, H.; Cattoen, C.; Bartsch, H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Calmels S, Ohshima H, Crespi M, Leclerc H, Cattoen C, Bartsch H. N-nitrosamine formation by microorganisms isolated from human gastric juice and urine: biochemical studies on bacteria-catalysed nitrosation. In: Bartsch H, O'Neill 1, Schulte-Hermann R, eds. Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms. Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No 84, 1987: 391-5."},{"issue":"1987","key":"ref_14","first-page":"511","article-title":"Intragastric nitrosation and precancerous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract: testing of an etiological hypothesis","volume":"84","author":"Crespi, M.; Ohshima, H.; Ramazzotti, V.","unstructured":"Crespi M, Ohshima H, Ramazzotti V, et al. Intragastric nitrosation and precancerous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract: testing of an etiological hypothesis. In: Bartsch H, O'Neill I, Schulte-Hermann R, eds. Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms. Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No 84, 1987: 511-7.","journal-title":"Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No; Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"727","article-title":"Are nitrite and N-nitroso compounds in gastric juice risk factors for carcinoma in the operated stomach?","volume":"i:","author":"Schlag, P.; Bockler, R.; Ulrich, H.; Peter, M.; Merkle, P.; Herfarth, C.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schlag P, Bockler R, Ulrich H, Peter M, Merkle P, Herfarth C. Are nitrite and N-nitroso compounds in gastric juice risk factors for carcinoma in the operated stomach? Lancet 1980; i: 727-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"209","article-title":"An improved method for analysis of total N-nitroso compounds in gastric juice","volume":"84","author":"Pignatelli, B.; Richard, I.; Bourgade, M.C.; Bartsch, H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pignatelli B, Richard I, Bourgade MC, Bartsch H. An improved method for analysis of total N-nitroso compounds in gastric juice. In: Bartsch H, O'Neill 1, Schulte-Hermann R, eds. Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms. Lyon: IARC Sci Pubi No 84. 1987: 209-15.","journal-title":"Lyon: IARC Sci Pubi No; Relevance of N-nitroso compounds to human cancer: exposures and mechanisms"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.3.238","article-title":"Intragastric Nnitrosation is unlikely responsible for gastric carcinoma developing after operations for duodenal ulcer","volume":"25","author":"Keighley, M.R.; Youngs, D.; etal, Poxon V.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Keighley MR, Youngs D, Poxon V. etal. Intragastric Nnitrosation is unlikely responsible for gastric carcinoma developing after operations for duodenal ulcer. Gut 1984; 25: 238-45.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"963","article-title":"Formation of nitrite in gastric juice of patients with various gastric disorders after ingestion of a standard dose of nitrate - a possible risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis","volume-title":"compounds: occurrence, biological effects and relevance to liuman cancer","author":"Schlag, P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schlag P. Formation of nitrite in gastric juice of patients with various gastric disorders after ingestion of a standard dose of nitrate - a possible risk factor in gastric carcinogenesis. In: O'Neill IK, von Borstel RC, Miller CT, Long J, Bartsch H, eds. N-nitroso compounds: occurrence, biological effects and relevance to liuman cancer. Lyon: IARC Sci Publ No 57. 1984: 963-8."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Failure to induce tumors in Swiss mice after concurrent administration of amino acids and sodium nitrite","volume":"48","author":"Greenblatt, M.; Lijinsky, W.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Greenblatt M, Lijinsky W. Failure to induce tumors in Swiss mice after concurrent administration of amino acids and sodium nitrite. J Nat! Cancer Inst 1972; 48: 1389-92.","journal-title":"J Nat! Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303670","article-title":"Studies of the tumorigenic effect in feeding of nitrosamino acids and of low doses of amines and nitrite to rats","volume":"78","author":"Garcia, H.; Lijinsky, W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Garcia H, Lijinsky W. Studies of the tumorigenic effect in feeding of nitrosamino acids and of low doses of amines and nitrite to rats. Z Krebsforsch 1973; 78: 141-4.","journal-title":"Z Krebsforsch"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Interaction of reactive intermediates with DNA","author":"Magee, P.N.; Chu, C.K.; Gombar, C.T.; Jensen, D.E.; Parchman, L.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Magee PN, Chu CK, Gombar CT, Jensen DE, Parchman LG. Interaction of reactive intermediates with DNA. In: Snyder R, et al, eds. Biological reactive intermediates II B New York: Plenum Press, 1981: 1335-47."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"58","article-title":"A model for gastric cancer epidemiology","volume":"ii:","year":"1975","unstructured":"Correa P. Haenszel W, Cuello C, Tannenbaum SR, Archer M. A model for gastric cancer epidemiology. Lancet 1975; ii: 58-60.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"71","article-title":"Das Krebsrisiko im Restmagen. 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Lvon: IARC Sci PubI No 84. 1987: 396-9.","journal-title":"Lvon: IARC Sci PubI No"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.30.8.1068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:34:48Z","timestamp":1765604088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.30.8.1068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.30.8.1068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.30.8.1068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-5749"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,8]]}}}