{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:07:43Z","timestamp":1773868063771,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholecystosonography was undertaken in 90 patients with sickle cell disease aged 15 years and over. Gall stones were found in 26 (28.9%) patients. There was no sex difference, but the incidence increased with age from 13.2% at under 20 years to 75% at 30 years and over. The mean serum cholesterol and total and unconjugated bilirubin concentrations were not significantly different between patients with and without gall stones. As most (80.8%) stones were radiolucent they were probably of pigment type, containing little or no calcium, and further investigation into how they are produced is needed. Sickle cell patients with acute abdominal crisis should have gall bladder disease excluded before a diagnosis of vascular crisis is made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.5.539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"539-541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gall stone disease in African patients with sickle cell anaemia: a preliminary report from Yaounde, Cameroon."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"R F","family":"Billa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M S","family":"Biwole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A G","family":"Juimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B I","family":"Bejanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Blackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","article-title":"distribution ofhuman hemoglobins and thalassemia in Cameroon, Middle and East Africa","author":"Kaptue, N.L.; Mbantenkhu, F.J.; Nsangou, J.F.I.","unstructured":"Kaptue NL, Mbantenkhu FJ, Nsangou JFI. In: Bowman JE, ed. Geographical distribution ofhuman hemoglobins and thalassemia in Cameroon, Middle and East Africa. Vol II. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1983: 25."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Expression of the sickle-cell gene in Africa","volume":"1308","author":"Edington, G.M.; Lehmann, H.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Edington GM, Lehmann H. Expression of the sickle-cell gene in Africa. BMJ 1955; i: 1308-1 1.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-198507030-00010","article-title":"Experience with cholelithiasis in patients with sickle cell disease in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Adekunle, D.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Adekunle DA. Experience with cholelithiasis in patients with sickle cell disease in Nigeria. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1985; 7:261-4.","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.135.1.7360953","article-title":"Comparison of real-time cholecystosonography and oral cholecystography","volume":"135","year":"1980","unstructured":"Krook PM, Frank HA, Bush WH, Ginger M, MacLean MD. Comparison of real-time cholecystosonography and oral cholecystography. Radiology 1980; 135: 145-8.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.135.1.7360964","article-title":"Acoustic shadow formation by gallstones","volume":"135","author":"Gonzalez, L.; MacIntyre, W.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Gonzalez L, MacIntyre WJ. Acoustic shadow formation by gallstones. Radiology 1980; 135: 217-8.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Gallstone: clinical and biochemical analysis","author":"Billa, FR","year":"1988","unstructured":"Billa FR. Gallstone: clinical and biochemical analysis. Yaounde, Cameroon: CUSS - University of Yaounde, 1988. (MD thesis.)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80626-3","article-title":"Incidence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia using the ultrasonic gray-scale technique","volume":"96","author":"Sarnaik, S.; Slovis, T.L.; Corbett, D.P.; Emani, A.; Whitten, C.F.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Sarnaik S, Slovis TL, Corbett DP, Emani A, Whitten CF. Incidence of cholelithiasis in sickle cell anemia using the ultrasonic gray-scale technique. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 1005-8.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(77)80323-5","article-title":"Pigment gallstones","volume":"72","author":"Soloway, R.D.; Trotman, B.W.; Ostrow, J.D.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Soloway RD, Trotman BW, Ostrow JD. Pigment gallstones. Gastroenterology 1977; 72: 167-82.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"735","article-title":"Traitement de la lithiase biliaire","volume":"15","author":"Grateau, C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Grateau C. Traitement de la lithiase biliaire. Vie Midicale 1985; 15: 735-50.","journal-title":"Vie Midicale"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040840","article-title":"The etiology of pigment gallstones","volume":"4","author":"Ostrow, J.D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ostrow JD. The etiology of pigment gallstones. Hepatology 1984; 4:215-22.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"333","article-title":"Black and pigment gallstones differ in microstructure and in micro-composition","volume":"4","author":"Malet, P.F.; Takabaycoshi, A.; Trotman, B.W.; Soloway, R.D.; Weston, N.E.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Malet PF, Takabaycoshi A, Trotman BW, Soloway RD, Weston NE. Black and pigment gallstones differ in microstructure and in micro-composition. Hepatology 1984; 4: 333-6.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"385","article-title":"Bilirubin chemistry, ionization and solubilization by bile salts","volume":"4","author":"Ostrow, J.D.; Celic, C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ostrow JD, Celic C. Bilirubin chemistry, ionization and solubilization by bile salts. Hepatology 1984; 4: 385-455.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"585","article-title":"Pigment versus cholesterol cholelithiasis: composition of stone and bile","volume":"19","author":"Trotman, B.W.; Ostrow, J.W.; Soloway, R.D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Trotman BW, Ostrow JW, Soloway RD. Pigment versus cholesterol cholelithiasis: composition of stone and bile. American3Journal ofDigestive Diseases 1974; 19: 585-90."},{"key":"ref_14","article-title":"Contribution a l'etude de la composition des biles et de la nature des calculs biliares chez les lithiasiques Africains en Cote d'Ivoire","volume-title":"These d'Etudes Speciales des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif","author":"Lombardo, A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lombardo A. Contribution a l'etude de la composition des biles et de la nature des calculs biliares chez les lithiasiques Africains en Cote d'Ivoire. Abidjan: Universite d'Abidjan, 1984. (These d'Etudes Speciales des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif.)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1621","article-title":"Disease of the gallbladder and bile duct","volume-title":"principles of internal medicine","author":"Snodgrass, P.J.; Americo, A.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Snodgrass PJ, Americo A. Disease of the gallbladder and bile duct. In: Thorn GW, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Peterdorf RG, eds. Harison's principles of internal medicine. 8th ed. London: McGraw-Hill and Kogakusha, 1977: 1621-32.","edition":"8th ed"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.32.5.539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T15:36:36Z","timestamp":1765640196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.32.5.539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1991,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.32.5.539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.32.5.539","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1991,5]]}}}