{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:57:29Z","timestamp":1791928649051,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human colonic muscle tone varies diurnally and postprandially in predictable ways. Increased tone reduces the capacity of the colon to store contents after a meal, whereas increased distensibility (lesser tone) during sleep enlarges the storage capabilities and may slow transit. We tested the hypothesis that antidiarrhoeal drugs would also alter tone which, in turn, might reduce diarrhoea by facilitating the storage and salvage of fluids. Using a colonic barostat to create low pressure, isobaric colonic distension in healthy volunteers, we found that intravenous atropine (0.01 mg\/kg) relaxed the colon during fasting, reduced the postprandial increase in tone, and enhanced relaxation in the late (1-2 hour) postprandial period. Intravenous morphine (0.1 mg\/kg) caused variable effects soon after injection but, in fasting subjects, the descending colon relaxed 70-90 minutes after morphine. These changes in colonic motility were not always obvious by conventional manometric recording. Colonic distensibility is increased by antidiarrhoeal drugs and this effect may contribute to their efficacy in slowing colonic transit and augmenting absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.4.541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"541-546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Control of muscle tone in the human colon."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"C J","family":"Steadman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S F","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Camilleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N J","family":"Talley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"373","article-title":"Variations of muscle tone","volume-title":"the human colon. Gastroenterology 1991; 101","author":"Steadman, C.J.; Phillips, S.F.; Camilleri, M.; Haddad, A.; Hanson, R.","unstructured":"Steadman CJ, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, Haddad A, Hanson R. Variations of muscle tone in the human colon. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 373-81."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"999","article-title":"Studies on the mechanism of the anti-diarrheal effect of codeine","volume":"70","author":"Schiller, L.R.; Davis, G.R.; Santa Ana, C.A.; Morawski, S.A.; Fordtran, J.S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Schiller LR, Davis GR, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SA, Fordtran JS. Studies on the mechanism of the anti-diarrheal effect of codeine. _7 Cln Invest 1982; 70: 999-1008."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80161-4","article-title":"Mechanism of the anti-diarrhea effect of loperamide","volume":"86","author":"Schiller, L.R.; Santa Ana, C.A.; Morawski, S.A.; Fordtran, J.S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schiller LR, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SA, Fordtran JS. Mechanism of the anti-diarrhea effect of loperamide. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 1475-80.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.4.443","article-title":"Colonic capacitance and transit in man: modulation by luminal contents and drugs","volume":"31","author":"Kamath, P.S.; Phillips, S.F.; O'Connor, M.K.; Brown, M.L.; Zinsmeister, A.R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kamath PS, Phillips SF, O'Connor MK, Brown ML, Zinsmeister AR. Colonic capacitance and transit in man: modulation by luminal contents and drugs. Gut 1990; 31: 443-9.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1448","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis - medical therapy","author":"Cello, J.P.; Schneiderman, D.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cello JP, Schneiderman DJ. Ulcerative colitis - medical therapy. In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS, eds. GastroIntestinal disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W B Saunders, 1989: 1448-55.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"229","article-title":"Physiological variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat","volume":"248","author":"Azpiroz, F.; Malagelada, JR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Physiological variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat. Amj Phvsiol 1985; 248: G229-37.","journal-title":"Amj Phvsiol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90246-9","article-title":"The capacity of the human colon to absorb fluids","volume":"74","author":"Debongnie, J.C.; Phillips, S.F.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Debongnie JC, Phillips SF. The capacity of the human colon to absorb fluids. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 698-703.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90967-X","article-title":"Gastric tone measured bv an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis","volume":"97","author":"Azpiroz, F.; Malagelada, JR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone measured bv an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 1987; 97: 934-43.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"505","volume":"260","author":"Neri, M.; Phillips, S.F.; Fich, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Neri M, Phillips SF, Fich A. Measurement of tone in canine colon. Amj3Physiol 1991; 260: G505-11."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90673-7","article-title":"Role of opiate receptors in the regulation ofcolonic transit","volume":"94","author":"Kaufman, P.K.; Krevsky, B.; Malmud, L.S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kaufman PK, Krevsky B, Malmud LS, et al. Role of opiate receptors in the regulation ofcolonic transit. Gastroenterologv 1988; 94: 1351-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterologv"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.5.3.207","article-title":"The intraluminal pressure patterns in diverticulosis of the colon. Part II. The effect of morphine","volume":"5","author":"Painter, N.S.; Truelove, S.C.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Painter NS, Truelove SC. The intraluminal pressure patterns in diverticulosis of the colon. Part II. The effect of morphine. Gut 1964; 5: 207-13.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10206.x","article-title":"Morphine attenuates cholinergic nerve activity in human isolated colonic muscle","volume":"88","author":"Burleigh, D.E.; Trout, S.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Burleigh DE, Trout SJ. Morphine attenuates cholinergic nerve activity in human isolated colonic muscle. Br]j Pharmacol 1986; 88: 307-13.","journal-title":"Br]j Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Enkephalins, other endogenous opioids and colonic motility in dog and man. Gastroenterol Clin Biol","volume":"i:","author":"Bueno, L.; Floramonti, J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bueno L, Floramonti J. Enkephalins, other endogenous opioids and colonic motility in dog and man. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 197; 11: 69-76B. 13 Kreek MJ, Schaffer RA, Hahn EF, Fishman J. Naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist, reverses chronic idiopathic constipation. Lancet 1983; i: 261-2.","journal-title":"Lancet; Naloxone, a specific opioid antagonist, reverses chronic idiopathic constipation"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"852","article-title":"Morphine tissue levels and reduction of gastrointestinal transit in rats. Correlation supports primary action","volume-title":"site in the gut. Gastroenterology 1983; 85","author":"Bianchi, G.; Ferretti, P.; Recchia, M.; Rocchetti, M.; Tavani, A.; Manara, L.","unstructured":"Bianchi G, Ferretti P, Recchia M, Rocchetti M, Tavani A, Manara L. Morphine tissue levels and reduction of gastrointestinal transit in rats. Correlation supports primary action site in the gut. Gastroenterology 1983; 85: 852-8."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(82)90312-2","article-title":"The role of opiate receptors and cholinergic neurons in the gastrocolonic response","volume":"82","author":"Sun, E.A.; Snape, W.J.; Cohen, J.; Renny, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Sun EA, Snape WJ, Cohen J, Renny A. The role of opiate receptors and cholinergic neurons in the gastrocolonic response. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 689-93.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90162-8","article-title":"The gastrocolonic response: evidence for a neural mechanism","volume":"77","author":"Snape, W.J.; Wright, S.H.; Battle, W.M.; Cohen, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Snape WJ, Wright SH, Battle WM, Cohen S. The gastrocolonic response: evidence for a neural mechanism. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 1235-40.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"114499","article-title":"Participation of gastric mechanoreceptors and intestinal chemoreceptors in the gastrocolonic response","volume":"94","author":"Wiley, J.; Tatum, D.; Keinath, R.; Owyang, C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wiley J, Tatum D, Keinath R, Owyang C. Participation of gastric mechanoreceptors and intestinal chemoreceptors in the gastrocolonic response. Gastroenterologv 1988; 94: 114499.","journal-title":"Gastroenterologv"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"345","article-title":"Sensitivities of human jejunum, ileum, proximal colon and gallbladder to cholecystokinin octopeptide","volume":"252","author":"Kellow, J.E.; Miller, L.J.; Phillips, S.F.; Haddad, A.C.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; Charboneau, J.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kellow JE, Miller LJ, Phillips SF, Haddad AC, Zinsmeister AR, Charboneau JW. Sensitivities of human jejunum, ileum, proximal colon and gallbladder to cholecystokinin octopeptide. Am] Phvsiol 1987; 252: G345-56.","journal-title":"Am] Phvsiol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"272","article-title":"Antiperistalsis and other muscular activities of the colon","volume":"31","author":"Elliot, T.R.; Barclav-Smith, E.","year":"1904","unstructured":"Elliot TR, Barclav-Smith E. Antiperistalsis and other muscular activities of the colon. ] Phvsiol 1904; 31: 272.","journal-title":"Phvsiol"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.33.4.541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1765638611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.33.4.541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.33.4.541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.33.4.541","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,4]]}}}