{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:59:14Z","timestamp":1772780354676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that the GSTM1 null phenotype at the mu (mu) class glutathione S-transferase 1 locus is associated with an increased predisposition to primary biliary cirrhosis. Starch gel electrophoresis was used to compare the prevalence of GSTM1 null phenotype 0 in patients with end stage primary biliary cirrhosis and a group of controls without evidence of liver disease. The prevalence of GSTM1 null phenotype in the primary biliary cirrhosis and control groups was similar; 39% and 45% respectively. In the primary biliary cirrhosis group all subjects were of the common GSTM1 0, GSTM1 A, GSTM1 B or GSTM1 A, B phenotypes while in the controls, one subject showed an isoform with an anodal mobility compatible with it being a product of the putative GSTM1*3 allele. As the GSTM1 phenotype might be changed by the disease process, the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the exon 4-exon 5 region of GSTM1 and show that in 13 control subjects and 11 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, GSTM1 positive and negative genotypes were associated with corresponding GSTM1 expressing and non-expressing phenotypes respectively. The control subject with GSTM1 3 phenotype showed a positive genotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.4.549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"549-553","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["GSTM1 null polymorphism at the glutathione S-transferase M1 locus: phenotype and genotype studies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"M H","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G C","family":"Faulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A A","family":"Fryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R C","family":"Strange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040480","article-title":"Role of cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Watkins, P.B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Watkins PB. Role of cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10: 235-50.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/331442a0","article-title":"Characterisation of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine","volume":"331","author":"Gonzalez, F.J.; Skoda, R.C.; Kimura, S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gonzalez FJ, Skoda RC, Kimura S, et al. Characterisation of the common genetic defect in humans deficient in debrisoquine. Nature 1988; 331: 442.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1984.tb02498.x","article-title":"Genetic aspects of the polymodally distributed sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in man","volume":"18","author":"Mitchell, S.C.; Waring, R.H.; Haley, C.S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mitchell SC, Waring RH, Haley CS, et al. Genetic aspects of the polymodally distributed sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in man. Br,J Clin Pharmacol 1984; 18: 507-21.","journal-title":"Br, J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"205","article-title":"Hepatitis during treatment with tienilic acid","volume":"35","author":"Bousquet 0, Saigot T, Bernard F","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bousquet 0, Saigot T, Bernard F, et al. Hepatitis during treatment with tienilic acid. Therapie 1980; 35: 205-8.","journal-title":"Therapie"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040223","article-title":"Ticrynafen-associated hepatic injury: Analysis of 340 cases","volume":"4","author":"Zimmerman, H.J.; Ishak, Lewis H.L.; KG, Maddrey; W.C.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zimmerman HJ, Lewis HL. Ishak KG, Maddrey WC. Ticrynafen-associated hepatic injury: Analysis of 340 cases. Hepatology 1984; 4: 315-23.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804283181703","article-title":"High incidence of poor sulphoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"318","author":"Olomu, A.B.; Vickers, C.R.; Waring, R.H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Olomu AB, Vickers CR, Waring RH, et al. High incidence of poor sulphoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. N EnglJ3 Med 1988; 318: 1089-92.","journal-title":"N EnglJ3 Med"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.21.7202","article-title":"Identification of three classes of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase common to several mammalian species: Correlation between structural data and enzymatic properties","volume":"82","author":"Mannervik, B.; Alin, P.; Guthenberg, C.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mannervik B, Alin P, Guthenberg C, et al. Identification of three classes of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase common to several mammalian species: Correlation between structural data and enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 7202-6.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"Glutathione Stransferases and drug resistance","author":"Hayes, J.D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hayes JD, Pickett CB, Mantle TJ, eds. Glutathione Stransferases and drug resistance. London: Taylor and Francis, 1990."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(90)90054-6","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of the human glutathione transferases: a complex ofgene families","volume":"48","author":"Board, P.G.; Coggan, M.; Johnston, P.; Ross, V.; Suzuki, T.; Webb, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Board PG, Coggan M, Johnston P, Ross V, Suzuki T, Webb G. Genetic heterogeneity of the human glutathione transferases: a complex ofgene families. Pharmacol Ther 1990; 48: 357-69.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1984.tb00829.x","article-title":"The human glutathione S-transferases: studies on the tissue distribution and genetic variation of the GST1, GST2 and GST3 isoenzymes","volume":"48","author":"StrangeRC, FaulderGC; DavisB, etal","year":"1984","unstructured":"StrangeRC, FaulderGC, DavisB, etal. The human glutathione S-transferases: studies on the tissue distribution and genetic variation of the GST1, GST2 and GST3 isoenzymes. Ann Hum Genet 1984; 48: 11-20.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"7293","article-title":"Heriditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione Stransferase activity on trans-stilbene oxide are due to","volume-title":"a gene deletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"85","author":"Seidegard, J.; Vorachek, W.R.; Pero, R.W.; Pearson, W.R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Seidegard J, Vorachek WR, Pero RW, Pearson WR. Heriditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione Stransferase activity on trans-stilbene oxide are due to a gene deletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 7293-7."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00284101","article-title":"Liver glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in Japanese and its pharmacogenetic importance","volume":"75","author":"Harada, S.; Abei, M.; Tanaka, N.; Agarwal, D.P.; Goedde, H.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Harada S, Abei M, Tanaka N, Agarwal DP, Goedde HW. Liver glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in Japanese and its pharmacogenetic importance. Hum Genet 1987; 75: 322-5.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"21","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism among ethnic groups in Singapore with report of additional alleles at loci 1 and 2","volume-title":"Gene Geography","volume":"3","author":"Bhattacharyya, S.P.; Saha, N.; Wee, K.P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya SP, Saha N, Wee KP. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) polymorphism among ethnic groups in Singapore with report of additional alleles at loci 1 and 2. Gene Geography 1989; 3: 21-6."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.9.1533","article-title":"Glutathione Stransferase mu locus: use of genotyping and phenotyping assays to assess association with lung cancer susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Zhong, S.; Howie, A.F.; Ketterer, B.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zhong S, Howie AF, Ketterer B, et al. Glutathione Stransferase mu locus: use of genotyping and phenotyping assays to assess association with lung cancer susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 1533-7.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/12.1.25","article-title":"The human glutathione S-transferases: a case-control study of the incidence of the GST1 0 phenotype in patients with adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Strange, R.C.; Matharoo, B.; Faulder, G.C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Strange RC, Matharoo B, Faulder GC, et al. The human glutathione S-transferases: a case-control study of the incidence of the GST1 0 phenotype in patients with adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 25-8.","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4439(92)90138-D","article-title":"The human glutathione S-transferases: Comparison of isoenzyme expression in normal and astrocytoma brain","volume":"1139","author":"Strange, R.C.; Fryer, A.A.; Matharoo, B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Strange RC, Fryer AA, Matharoo B, et al. The human glutathione S-transferases: Comparison of isoenzyme expression in normal and astrocytoma brain. Biochim BiophysActa 1992; 1139: 222-8.","journal-title":"Biochim BiophysActa"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Human glutathione S-transferase deficiency as a marker of susceptibility to epoxide induced cytogenetic damage","volume":"50","author":"Weincke, J.K.; Kelsey, K.T.; Lamela, R.A.; Toscano, W.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weincke JK, Kelsey KT, Lamela RA, Toscano WA. Human glutathione S-transferase deficiency as a marker of susceptibility to epoxide induced cytogenetic damage. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 1585-90.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.12.1546","article-title":"Glutathione Stransferases in human liver cancer","volume":"32","author":"Hayes, P.C.; May, L.; Hayes, J.D.; Harrison, D.J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hayes PC, May L, Hayes JD, Harrison DJ. Glutathione Stransferases in human liver cancer. Gut 1991; 32: 1546-9.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"6848","article-title":"Glutathione transferase activity and isoenzyme composition in primary breast cancers","volume":"50","author":"Shea, T.C.; Clafflin, G.; Comstock, K.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Shea TC, Clafflin G, Comstock KE, et al. Glutathione transferase activity and isoenzyme composition in primary breast cancers. Cancer Res 1991; 50: 6848-53.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"97109","article-title":"Pemble 5, Coles B, Fraser G. GSTs and protection against oxidative stress","volume-title":"S-transferases and drug resistance","author":"Ketterer, B.; Meyer, D.J.; Taylor, J.B.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ketterer B, Meyer DJ, Taylor JB, Pemble 5, Coles B, Fraser G. GSTs and protection against oxidative stress. In: Hayes JD, Pickett CB, Mantle TJ, eds. Glutathione S-transferases and drug resistance. London: Taylor and Francis, 1990: 97109."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"262","article-title":"Developmental expression of GST in human tissues","volume-title":"S-GSTMI nullpolymorphism transferases and drug resistance","author":"Strange, R.C.; Fryer, A.A.; Hiley, C.; Bell, J.; Cossar, D.; Hume, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Strange RC, Fryer AA, Hiley C, Bell J, Cossar D, Hume R. Developmental expression of GST in human tissues. In: Hayes JD, Pickett CB, Mantle TJ, eds. Glutathione S-GSTMI nullpolymorphism transferases and drug resistance. London: Taylor and Francis, 1990; 262-71."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"628","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase class mu in French alcoholic cirrhotic patients","volume":"87","author":"Groppi, A.; Coutelle, C.; Fleury, B.; Iron, A.; Begueret, J.; Couzigou, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Groppi A, Coutelle C, Fleury B, Iron A, Begueret J, Couzigou P. Glutathione S-transferase class mu in French alcoholic cirrhotic patients. Hum Genet 1991; 87: 628-30.","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3","article-title":"Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual","author":"Maniatis, T.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Maniatis T, Fritsch EF, Sambrook J, eds. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1982: E.3-4."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1126\/science.239.4839.487","article-title":"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase","volume":"239","author":"Saiki, R.K.; Gelfand, D.H.; Stoffel, S.; Scharf, S.J.; Higuchi, R.; Horn, G.T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, Scharf SJ, Higuchi R, Horn GT, et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 1988; 239: 487-91.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2740587","article-title":"Structure of human glutathione S-transferase class Mu genes","volume":"274","author":"Taylor, J.B.; Oliver, J.; Sherrington, R.; Pemble, S.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Taylor JB, Oliver J, Sherrington R, Pemble SE. Structure of human glutathione S-transferase class Mu genes. Biochemj 1991; 274: 587-93.","journal-title":"Biochemj"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1522","article-title":"The human Hb (MU) class glutathione S-transferases are encoded by a dispersed gene family","volume":"180","author":"DeJong, J.L.; Mohandas, T.; Tu, C.-P.D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"DeJong JL, Mohandas T, Tu C-PD. The human Hb (MU) class glutathione S-transferases are encoded by a dispersed gene family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 180: 1522.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V76.4.655.655","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis","volume":"76","author":"Weitzman, S.A.; Gordon, L.I.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weitzman SA, Gordon LI. Inflammation and cancer: role of phagocyte-generated oxidants in carcinogenesis. Blood 1990; 76: 655-63.","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.34.4.549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:09:04Z","timestamp":1763748544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.34.4.549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.34.4.549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.34.4.549","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,4]]}}}