{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:41:47Z","timestamp":1773124907551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diarrhoea complicating enteral feeding is a common clinical problem affecting up to 25% of patients. Its pathogenesis remains unknown. A new technique of human in vivo segmental colonic perfusion was used to investigate colonic water and electrolyte movement in response to enteral feeding. Four groups of studies were performed in which low and high load polymeric enteral diet infusions were undertaken, either intragastrically or intraduodenally (n = 6 each group). Net absorption of sodium, chloride, and water occurred during fasting throughout the colon in all groups. There was a significant net secretion of sodium, chloride, and water in the ascending colon during low load (sodium: -42 mmol\/h; 95% confidence limits -52 to -19, Chloride: -18 mmol\/h; -50 to +16, water: -174 ml\/h; -348 to -30) and high load (sodium: -24 mmol\/h; -60 to +8, chloride: -18 mmol\/h; -31 to +16, water: -120 ml\/h; -246 to +6) gastric feeding, and during high load duodenal feeding (sodium: -12 mmol\/h; -22 to -6, chloride; -6 mmol\/h; -16 to +3, water: -72 ml\/h; -144 to -6). Net secretion persisted in the distal colon only during high load gastric feeding. In the other three groups there was a net absorption in the distal colon. This study identified a significant colonic secretory response to enteral feeding, which is related to the site and load of the diet infusion. This response may play an important part in the pathogenesis of enteral feeding related diarrhoea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.12.1734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"1734-1741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Colonic secretory effect in response to enteral feeding in humans."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"T E","family":"Bowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A H","family":"Raimundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G K","family":"Grimble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D B","family":"Silk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Comparison of an elemental and polymeric enteral diet in patients with normal gastrointestinal function","volume-title":"Gut","volume":"24","author":"Jones, B.J.M.; Lees, R.; Andrews, J.; Frost, P.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jones BJM, Lees R, Andrews J, Frost P, Silk DBA. Comparison of an elemental and polymeric enteral diet in patients with normal gastrointestinal function. Gut 1983; 24: 78-84."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Diarrhoea in the critically ill","volume":"12","author":"Dobb, G.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dobb GJ. Diarrhoea in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med 1986; 12: 113-5.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"94","article-title":"Nutritional support of malnourished lactose intolerance in African patients","volume":"25","author":"O'Keefe, S.J.D.; Adam, J.K.; Cakata, E.; Epstein, S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"O'Keefe SJD, Adam JK, Cakata E, Epstein S. Nutritional support of malnourished lactose intolerance in African patients. Gut 1984; 25: 94-7.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0261-5614(87)90023-9","article-title":"Towards the optimization of enteral nutrition","volume":"6","author":"Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Silk DBA. Towards the optimization of enteral nutrition. Clin Nutr 1987; 6: 61.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"678","article-title":"Relation between osmolality and gastrointestinal side effects in enteral nutrition","volume":"288","author":"Keohane, P.P.; Attrill, H.; Love, M.; Frost, P.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Keohane PP, Attrill H, Love M, Frost P, Silk DBA. Relation between osmolality and gastrointestinal side effects in enteral nutrition. BMJ7 1984; 288: 678-80."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(87)80106-9","article-title":"Serum albumin (oncotic pressure) correlates with enteral feeding tolerance in the pediatric surgical patient","volume":"22","author":"Ford, E.G.; Jennings, M.; Andrassy, R.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ford EG, Jennings M, Andrassy RJ. Serum albumin (oncotic pressure) correlates with enteral feeding tolerance in the pediatric surgical patient. J Pediat Surg 1987; 22: 597-601.","journal-title":"J Pediat Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_7","first-page":"58","article-title":"Factors associated with diarrhoea in tube fed patients. Role of serum albumin concentration","volume":"7","author":"Waitzberg, D.; Teixera de Silva, M.L.; Borges, V.C.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Waitzberg D, Teixera de Silva ML, Borges VC. Factors associated with diarrhoea in tube fed patients. Role of serum albumin concentration. Clin Nutr 1988; 7 (suppl 1): 58.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Colonic inflow and small bowel motility during intraduodenal enteral nutrition","volume":"29","author":"Ralmundo, A.H.; Rogers, J.; Grimble, G.K.; Cahill, E.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ralmundo AH, Rogers J, Grimble GK, Cahill E, Silk DBA. Colonic inflow and small bowel motility during intraduodenal enteral nutrition. Gut 1988; 29: A1469-70.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"96","article-title":"Effect of continuous intraduodenal enteral feeding on human colonic in-flow volumes and small bowel motility","volume":"404","author":"Raimundo, A.N.; Rogers, J.; Spiller, R.C.; Grimble, G.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Raimundo AN, Rogers J, Spiller RC, Grimble G, Silk DBA. Effect of continuous intraduodenal enteral feeding on human colonic in-flow volumes and small bowel motility. Gastroenterologzy 1989; 404. 96A.","journal-title":"Gastroenterologzy"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Is enteral feeding related diarrhoea initiated by an abnormal colonic response to intragastric diet infusion?","volume":"31","author":"Raimundo, A.H.; Rogers, J.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Raimundo AH, Rogers J, Silk DBA. Is enteral feeding related diarrhoea initiated by an abnormal colonic response to intragastric diet infusion? Gut 1990; 31: A1195.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"41","key":"ref_11","first-page":"1754","article-title":"Water and salt absorption in the human colon","volume":"1962","author":"Levitan, R.; Fordtran, J.S.; Burrows, B.A.; Ingelfinger, F.J.","unstructured":"Levitan R, Fordtran JS, Burrows BA, Ingelfinger FJ. Water and salt absorption in the human colon. Jf Clin Invest 1962; 41: 1754-9.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Invest"},{"issue":"56","key":"ref_12","first-page":"92","article-title":"Studies of the perfusion technique for colonic absorption","volume":"1969","author":"Devroede, G.J.; Phillips, S.F.","unstructured":"Devroede GJ, Phillips SF. Studies of the perfusion technique for colonic absorption. Gastroenterology 1969; 56: 92-100.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"36","key":"ref_13","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of flow rate on the absorption of glucose in a steady state perfusion system in man","volume":"1969","author":"Sladen, G.E.; Dawson, A.M.","unstructured":"Sladen GE, Dawson AM. Effects of flow rate on the absorption of glucose in a steady state perfusion system in man. Clin Science 1969; 36: 133-45.","journal-title":"Clin Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)30508-6","article-title":"Absorption of short chain fatty acids by the colon","volume":"78","author":"Ruppin, H.; Bar-Meir, S.; Soergel, K.H.; Wood, C.M.; Schmitt, M.G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ruppin H, Bar-Meir S, Soergel KH, Wood CM, Schmitt MG. Absorption of short chain fatty acids by the colon. Gastroenterology 1980; 78: 1500-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000197443","article-title":"The method of intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine","volume":"9","author":"Modigliani, R.; Rambaud, J.C.; Bemier, J.J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Modigliani R, Rambaud JC, Bemier JJ. The method of intraluminal perfusion of the human small intestine. Digestion 1973; 9: 176-92.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"975","volume-title":"Sodium and water absorption from the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1966; 51","author":"Whalen, G.E.; Harris, J.A.; Geenen, J.E.; Soergel, K.H.","unstructured":"Whalen GE, Harris JA, Geenen JE, Soergel KH. Sodium and water absorption from the human small intestine. Gastroenterology 1966; 51: 975-84."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800531019","article-title":"Absorption and secretion of electrolytes and water by the human colon, with particular reference to benign adenoma and papilloma","volume":"53","author":"Shields, R.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Shields R. Absorption and secretion of electrolytes and water by the human colon, with particular reference to benign adenoma and papilloma. Br J Surg 1966; 53: 893-7.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"733","article-title":"The contribution of the colon to electrolyte and water conservation in man","volume":"81","author":"Phillips, S.F.; Giller, J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Phillips SF, Giller J. The contribution of the colon to electrolyte and water conservation in man. J Lab Clin Med 1973; 81: 733-46.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"101","article-title":"Conservation of sodium, chloride and water by","volume-title":"the human colon. Gastroenterology 1969; 56","author":"Devroede, G.J.; Phillips, S.F.","unstructured":"Devroede GJ, Phillips SF. Conservation of sodium, chloride and water by the human colon. Gastroenterology 1969; 56: 101-9."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1139\/y71-145","article-title":"Regional differences in rates of insorption of sodium and water from the human large intestine","volume":"49","author":"Devroede, G.J.; Phillips, S.F.; Code, C.F.; Lind, J.F.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Devroede GJ, Phillips SF, Code CF, Lind JF. Regional differences in rates of insorption of sodium and water from the human large intestine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1971; 49: 1023-9.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1453","article-title":"A technique for segmental rectal and colonic perfusion in humans","volume":"87","author":"Raab, Y.; Hallgren, R.; Knutson, L.; Krog, M.; Gerdin, B.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Raab Y, Hallgren R, Knutson L, Krog M, Gerdin B. A technique for segmental rectal and colonic perfusion in humans. AmJf Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 1453-59.22.","journal-title":"AmJf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80134-1","article-title":"Jejunal secretion in response to a duodenal mixed nutrient perfusion","volume":"76","author":"Wright, J.P.; Barbezat, G.O.; Clain, J.E.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Wright JP, Barbezat GO, Clain JE. Jejunal secretion in response to a duodenal mixed nutrient perfusion. Gastroenterology 1978; 76: 94-8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1935.111.1.145","article-title":"Proof of a humoral control of intestinal secretion","volume":"111","author":"Nasset, E.S.; Pierce, H.B.; Murlin, JR","year":"1935","unstructured":"Nasset ES, Pierce HB, Murlin JR. Proof of a humoral control of intestinal secretion. Am J Physiol 1935; 111: 145-51.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"171","article-title":"Influences of duodenal infusion of Vivonex HN and Ensure on ileal and colonic water and electrolyte absorption in the rat","volume":"2","author":"Silk, D.B.A.; Higgins, B.E.; Spiller, R.C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Silk DBA, Higgins BE, Spiller RC. Influences of duodenal infusion of Vivonex HN and Ensure on ileal and colonic water and electrolyte absorption in the rat. Jf Clin Nutr Gastroenterol 1987; 2: 171-6.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Nutr Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"376","article-title":"Small-bowel origin of the signal for meal-induced jejunal absorption","volume":"108","author":"Bastidas, J.A.; Orandle, M.S.; Zinner, M.J.; Yeo, C.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bastidas JA, Orandle MS, Zinner MJ, Yeo CJ. Small-bowel origin of the signal for meal-induced jejunal absorption. Surgery 1990; 108: 376-83.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_26","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effect of enteral feeding on colonic motility in man","volume":"34","author":"Bowling, T.E.; Raimundo, A.H.; Jameson, J.S.; Rogers, J.; Silk, D.B.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bowling TE, Raimundo AH, Jameson JS, Rogers J, Silk DBA. The effect of enteral feeding on colonic motility in man. Gut 1993; 34 (suppl 1): S33.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1973.12096715","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of electrical polarization and electrolyte transport by the entire normal and inflamed human colon during in vivo perfusion","volume":"8","author":"Rask-Madsen, J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Rask-Madsen J. Simultaneous measurement of electrical polarization and electrolyte transport by the entire normal and inflamed human colon during in vivo perfusion. ScandJ Gastroenterol 1973; 8: 327-36.","journal-title":"ScandJ Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"114","article-title":"Studies on the mechanisms in the duodenum inhibiting gastric secretion. Q Jf Exp","volume":"43","author":"Sircus, W.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Sircus W. Studies on the mechanisms in the duodenum inhibiting gastric secretion. Q Jf Exp Physiol 1958; 43: 114-33.","journal-title":"Physiol"},{"issue":"42","key":"ref_29","first-page":"93","article-title":"Inhibition of gastric secretion by intrajejunal fat. Influence of bile, pancreatic juice, and cholinergic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Henriksen, F.W.; Hendel, L.; Hesseldahl, H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Henriksen FW, Hendel L, Hesseldahl H. Inhibition of gastric secretion by intrajejunal fat. Influence of bile, pancreatic juice, and cholinergic mechanisms. Scand Jf Gastroenterol 1976; 11 (suppl 42): 93-5.","journal-title":"Scand Jf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"190","article-title":"The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on gastric emptying","volume-title":"man. Gastroenterology 1976","volume":"70","author":"MacGregor, I.L.; Gueller, R.; Watts, H.D.; Meyer, J.H.","unstructured":"MacGregor IL, Gueller R, Watts HD, Meyer JH. The effect of acute hyperglycaemia on gastric emptying in man. Gastroenterology 1976; 70: 190-6."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90444-8","article-title":"Effect of intravenous lipid on gastric acid secretion stimulated by intravenous amino acids","volume":"79","author":"Varner, A.A.; Isenberg, J.I.; Elashoff, J.O.; Lamers, B.H.W.; Maxwell, W.; Shulkes, A.A.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Varner AA, Isenberg JI, Elashoff JO, Lamers BHW, Maxwell W, Shulkes AA. Effect of intravenous lipid on gastric acid secretion stimulated by intravenous amino acids. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 873-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1974.227.1.183","article-title":"Canine intestinal secretion during and after rapid distension of the small bowel","volume":"227","author":"Caren, J.F.; Meyer, J.H.; Grossman, M.I.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Caren JF, Meyer JH, Grossman MI. Canine intestinal secretion during and after rapid distension of the small bowel. Am J Physiol 1974; 227: 183-8.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014991","article-title":"Relationship between intestinal motility, tone, water absorption, and lymph flow in the rat","volume":"345","author":"Lee, J.S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lee JS. Relationship between intestinal motility, tone, water absorption, and lymph flow in the rat. Jf Physiol Lond 1983; 345: 489-99.","journal-title":"Jf Physiol Lond"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107790","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of adenylate cyclase and active electrolyte secretion in intestinal mucosa","volume":"54","author":"Schwartz, C.J.; Kimberg, D.V.; Sherrin, H.E.; Field, M.; Said, S.I.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schwartz CJ, Kimberg DV, Sherrin HE, Field M, Said SI. Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulation of adenylate cyclase and active electrolyte secretion in intestinal mucosa. J Glin Invest 1974; 54: 536-44.","journal-title":"J Glin Invest"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"790","article-title":"Alteration of large intestinal electrolyte transport by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide","volume-title":"the rat. Gastroenterology","volume":"73","author":"Racusen, L.C.; Binder, H.J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Racusen LC, Binder HJ. Alteration of large intestinal electrolyte transport by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 790-6."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"103","article-title":"Colonic potassium and chloride secretion: role of cAMP and calcium","volume":"248","author":"McCabe, R.D.; Smith, P.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"McCabe RD, Smith PL. Colonic potassium and chloride secretion: role of cAMP and calcium. Am Jf Physiol 1985; 248: G103-9.","journal-title":"Am Jf Physiol"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"834","article-title":"Gastrin secretion induced by distension is mediated by gastric and vasoactive intestinal peptide","volume-title":"neurones in rats. Gastroenterology 1993; 104","author":"Schubert, M.L.; Makhlouf, G.M.","unstructured":"Schubert ML, Makhlouf GM. Gastrin secretion induced by distension is mediated by gastric and vasoactive intestinal peptide neurones in rats. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 834-9."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923605","article-title":"Peptide YY enhances NaCl and water absorption in the rat colon in vivo","volume":"48","author":"Okuno, M.; Nakanishi, T.; Shinomura, Y.; Kiyohara, T.; Ishikawa, H.; Tarui, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Okuno M, Nakanishi T, Shinomura Y, Kiyohara T, Ishikawa H, Tarui S. Peptide YY enhances NaCl and water absorption in the rat colon in vivo. Experientia 1992; 48: 47-50.","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"848","article-title":"Inhibition of VIP-stimulated ion transport by a noval Y-receptor phenotype in rabbit distal colon","volume":"264","author":"Ballantyne, G.H.; Goldenring, JR, Fleming; FX, Rush; J, Flint; JJ, Fielding; P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ballantyne GH, Goldenring JR, Fleming FX, Rush J, Flint JJ, Fielding P, et al. Inhibition of VIP-stimulated ion transport by a noval Y-receptor phenotype in rabbit distal colon. Am _J Physiol 1993; 264: G848-54.","journal-title":"Am _J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(89)90250-4","article-title":"Antisecretory effects of somatostatin and vasopressin in the rat colon descendens in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Knobloch, S.F.; Diener, M.; Rummel, W.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Knobloch SF, Diener M, Rummel W. Antisecretory effects of somatostatin and vasopressin in the rat colon descendens in vitro. Regul Pept 1989; 25: 75-85.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90148-X","article-title":"Ion transport in human caecum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon in vitro: baseline response to electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves","volume":"92","author":"Hubel, K.A.; Renquist, K.; Shirazi, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hubel KA, Renquist K, Shirazi S. Ion transport in human caecum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon in vitro: baseline response to electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 501-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536052","article-title":"Effects of enteric neural stimulation on chloride transport in human left colon in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Kuwahara, A.; Cooke, H.J.; Carey, H.V.; Mekhijan, H.; Ellison, E.C.; McGregor, B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kuwahara A, Cooke HJ, Carey HV, Mekhijan H, Ellison EC, McGregor B. Effects of enteric neural stimulation on chloride transport in human left colon in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 206-13.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.35.12.1734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T13:06:28Z","timestamp":1765631188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.35.12.1734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.35.12.1734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.35.12.1734","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12]]}}}