{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T16:50:38Z","timestamp":1765644638526,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A modified magnesium hydrogen breath test, using end expiratory breath sampling, is described to investigate achlorhydria. The efficacy of this test in the diagnostic investigation of pernicious anaemia was compared with that of serum pepsinogen I. Twenty one patients with pernicious anaemia--that is, patients with achlorhydria--and 22 with healed duodenal ulcer and normal chlorhydria were studied. Magnesium hydrogen breath test, serum pepsinogen I, serum gastrin, and standard gastric acid secretory tests were performed in all subjects. The mean (SEM) hydrogen peak value was lower in patients with pernicious anaemia than in the duodenal ulcer group (21.7 (1.9) v 71.3 (5.2) ppm; p = 0.00005). The hydrogen peak value had a 95.2% sensitivity and a 100% specificity to detect pentagastrin resistant achlorhydria. Mean serum pepsinogen I concentrations were also significantly lower in patients with pernicious anaemia than in the duodenal ulcer group (10.7 (2.7) v 123.6 (11.8) micrograms\/l p = 0.00005). Sensitivity and specificity to detect pernicious anaemia were both 100% for pepsinogen I. It is concluded that this modified magnesium hydrogen breath test is a simple, noninvasive, cost effective, and accurate method to assess achlorhydria and may be useful in the diagnostic investigation of patients with suspected pernicious anaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.9.1205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"1205-1208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Magnesium hydrogen breath test using end expiratory sampling to assess achlorhydria in pernicious anaemia patients."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Humbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"L\u00f3pez de Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ba\u00f1ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Junc\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Boix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Planas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J C","family":"Quer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Domenech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"Gassull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90163-X","article-title":"A single scan technique for estimating acid output","volume":"77","author":"Taylor, T.V.; Holt, S.; McLoughlin, G.P.; Heading, R.C.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Taylor TV, Holt S, McLoughlin GP, Heading RC. A single scan technique for estimating acid output. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 1241-4.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32321-2","article-title":"A study of the relationship between serum group I pepsinogen levels and gastric acid secretion","volume":"69","author":"Samloff, I.M.; Secrist, M.D.; Passaro, E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Samloff IM, Secrist MD, Passaro E. A study of the relationship between serum group I pepsinogen levels and gastric acid secretion. Gastroenterology 1975; 69: 1196-200.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.60.709.743","volume":"60","author":"Pepsinogen, Hirschowitz B.I.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hirschowitz BI. Pepsinogen. Postgrad Med J 1984; 60: 743-50.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/90.4.442","article-title":"Pepsinogens and other serum markers in pernicious anaemia","volume":"90","author":"Carmel, R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carmel R. Pepsinogens and other serum markers in pernicious anaemia. Am Jf Clin Pathol 1988; 90: 442-5.","journal-title":"Am Jf Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314045","article-title":"Liberation of hydrogen from gastric acid following administration of oral magnesium","volume":"12","author":"Sack, D.A.; Stephenson, C.B.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sack DA, Stephenson CB. Liberation of hydrogen from gastric acid following administration of oral magnesium. Dig Dis Sci 1985; 12: 1127-33.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"453","article-title":"The megaloblastic anemias","author":"Babior, B.M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Babior BM. The megaloblastic anemias. In: Williams WJ, Beutler E, Erslev AJ, Lichtman MA, eds. Hematology, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990: 453-81."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"26","article-title":"Pepsinogens I and II: purification from gastric mucosa","volume-title":"and radioimmunoassay in serum. Gastroenterology 1982","volume":"82","author":"Samloff, I.M.","unstructured":"Samloff IM. Pepsinogens I and II: purification from gastric mucosa and radioimmunoassay in serum. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 26-33."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.1.76","article-title":"Analytical and clinical evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for gastrin","volume":"31","author":"Lindstedt, G.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lindstedt G. Analytical and clinical evaluation of a radioimmunoassay for gastrin. Clin Chem 1985; 31: 76-82.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"798","article-title":"Modification of the hydrogen breath test: increased sensitivity for the detection of carbohydrate malabsorption","volume":"100","author":"Kotler, D.P.; Holt, P.R.; Rosenweig, N.S.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kotler DP, Holt PR, Rosenweig NS. Modification of the hydrogen breath test: increased sensitivity for the detection of carbohydrate malabsorption. Jf Lab Clin Med 1982; 100: 798-805.","journal-title":"Jf Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"237","article-title":"A simple method of measuring breath hydrogen in carbohydrate malabsorption by end-expiratory sampling","volume":"50","author":"Metz, G.; Gassull, M.A.; Leeds, A.R.; Blendis, L.M.; Jenkins, D.J.A.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Metz G, Gassull MA, Leeds AR, Blendis LM, Jenkins DJA. A simple method of measuring breath hydrogen in carbohydrate malabsorption by end-expiratory sampling. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 50: 237-40.","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.12.1349","article-title":"Extra intestinal influences on exhaled breath hydrogen measurements during the investigation of gastrointestinal disease","volume":"26","author":"Thompson, D.G.; Binfield, P.; de Belder, A.; O'Brien, J.; Warren, S.; Wilson, M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Thompson DG, Binfield P, de Belder A, O'Brien J, Warren S, Wilson M. Extra intestinal influences on exhaled breath hydrogen measurements during the investigation of gastrointestinal disease. Gut 1985; 26: 1349-52.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"221","article-title":"New principle for estimation of hydrogen in expired air","volume":"141","author":"der Klei-Van Moorsel JM, Van; AC, Douwes; JP, Van Oeveren","year":"1984","unstructured":"Van der Klei-Van Moorsel JM, Douwes AC, Van Oeveren JP. New principle for estimation of hydrogen in expired air. EurJPediatr 1984; 141: 221-4.","journal-title":"EurJPediatr"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-91-4-579","article-title":"Misleading second-stage Schilling tests due to inactive intrinsic factor concentrate","volume":"91","author":"Jacobson, B.E.; Onstad, G.R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Jacobson BE, Onstad GR. Misleading second-stage Schilling tests due to inactive intrinsic factor concentrate. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 579-80.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"713","article-title":"Gastric acid secretion in health and disease","author":"Feldman, M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Feldman M. Gastric acid secretion in health and disease. In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS, eds. Gastrointestinal disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 1989: 713-34."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.26.8.834","article-title":"Interpretation of the breath hydrohen profile obtained after ingesting a solid meal containing unabsorbable carbohydrate","volume":"26","author":"Read, N.W.; Al-Janabi, M.N.; Bates, T.E.; Holgate, A.M.; Cann, P.A.; Kinsman, R.I.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Read NW, Al-Janabi MN, Bates TE, Holgate AM, Cann PA, Kinsman RI, et al. Interpretation of the breath hydrohen profile obtained after ingesting a solid meal containing unabsorbable carbohydrate. Gut 1985; 26: 834-42.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"555","article-title":"Methodological aspects of breath hydrogen (H2) analysis. Evaluation of a H2 monitor and interpretation of the breath test. ScandJ3 Clin Lab Invest","volume":"47","author":"Rumessen, J.J.; Kokholm, G.; Gudmand-Hoyer, E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rumessen JJ, Kokholm G, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Methodological aspects of breath hydrogen (H2) analysis. Evaluation of a H2 monitor and interpretation of the breath test. ScandJ3 Clin Lab Invest 1987; 47: 555-60."}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.35.9.1205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T16:47:35Z","timestamp":1765644455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.35.9.1205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.35.9.1205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.35.9.1205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-5749"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,9]]}}}