{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T23:41:20Z","timestamp":1775000480392,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Continued bleeding or early rebleeding is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with variceal haemorrhage. It is not clear why bleeding stops in some patients and continues or restarts in others. It is suggested that secondary haemodynamic changes in the splanchnic circulation after a bleed may contribute to the risk of further bleeding. These changes include the effects of hypotension on portocollateral resistance, the effects of blood in the gut on splanchnic blood flow, and the effects of blood volume expansion on portal venous pressure during resuscitation. These factors, working in concert, cause a secondary rise in portal venous pressure, which may precipitate further bleeding. Treatment aimed at preventing these secondary haemodynamic changes may be beneficial. It is probable that somatostatin and octreotide could act in this way, which may explain their therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.1.100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"100-103","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Why portal hypertensive varices bleed and bleed: a hypothesis."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"P A","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S A","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A K","family":"Burroughs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"Natural history and prognosis of variceal bleeding. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol","volume":"6","author":"Burroughs, A.K.; McCormick, P.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Burroughs AK, McCormick PA. Natural history and prognosis of variceal bleeding. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 6: 437-50."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham, D.Y.; Smith, J.L.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Graham DY, Smith JL. The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 800-9.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Predictive model for early failure to control variceal bleeding","volume":"6","author":"Burroughs, A.K.; D'Heygere, F.; Phillips, A.; McIntyre, N.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Burroughs AK, D'Heygere F, Phillips A, McIntyre N. Predictive model for early failure to control variceal bleeding [Abstract]. Hepatology 1986; 6: 1153.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5739.26","article-title":"Factors predisposing to recurrent hemorrhage after acute gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"1","author":"Northfield, T.C.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Northfield TC. Factors predisposing to recurrent hemorrhage after acute gastrointestinal bleeding. BMJ 1971; 1: 26-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00179-5","article-title":"Why do varices bleed?","volume":"21","author":"R, De Franchis; M, Primignani","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Franchis R, Primignani M. Why do varices bleed? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21: 85-101.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090602","article-title":"Cirrhotics with variceal hemorrhage: the importance of the time interval between admission and the start of analysis for survival and rebleeding rates","volume":"9","author":"Burroughs, A.K.; Mezzanotte, G.; Phillips, A.; McCormick, P.A.; McIntyre, N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burroughs AK, Mezzanotte G, Phillips A, McCormick PA, McIntyre N. Cirrhotics with variceal hemorrhage: the importance of the time interval between admission and the start of analysis for survival and rebleeding rates. Hepatology 1989; 9: 801-7.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150308","article-title":"Esophageal staple transection as a salvage procedure after failure of acute injection sclerotherapy","volume":"15","author":"McCormick, P.A.; Kaye, G.L.; Greenslade, L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"McCormick PA, Kaye GL, Greenslade L, et al. Esophageal staple transection as a salvage procedure after failure of acute injection sclerotherapy. Hepatology 1992; 15: 403-6.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1979.01370320034006","article-title":"Portal vein thrombosis associated with cirrhosis","volume":"114","author":"Sarfeh, I.J.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Sarfeh IJ. Portal vein thrombosis associated with cirrhosis. Arch Surg 1979; 114: 902-5.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(91)70677-9","article-title":"Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy versus conservative treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"37","author":"Lo, G.H.; Lin, C.Y.; Lai, K.H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lo GH, Lin CY, Lai KH, et al. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy versus conservative treatment for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and bleeding esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 161-4.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90861-4","article-title":"Prognosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in the presence and absence of alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"92","author":"Orrego, H.; Blake, J.E.; Blendis, L.M.; Medline, A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Orrego H, Blake JE, Blendis LM, Medline A. Prognosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in the presence and absence of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 208-14.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"627","article-title":"The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction","volume":"48","author":"Webb, U.; Sherlock, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Webb U, Sherlock S. The aetiology, presentation and natural history of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction. QJfMed 1979; 48: 627-39.","journal-title":"QJfMed"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80106-7","article-title":"Clinical study of eighty-six cases of idiopathic portal hypertension and comparison with cirrhosis with splenomegaly","volume":"86","author":"M, Koen H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Okuda K, Kono K, Ohnishi K, Kimura K, Omata M, Koen H, et al. Clinical study of eighty-six cases of idiopathic portal hypertension and comparison with cirrhosis with splenomegaly. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 600-10.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients","volume":"16","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarin SK, Lahoti D, Saxena SP,. Murthy N, Makwana EK. Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1343-9.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80171-0","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients","volume":"19","author":"Merican, I.; Sprengers, D.; McCormick, P.A.; Minoli, G.; McIntyre, N.; Burroughs, A.K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Merican I, Sprengers D, McCormick PA, Minoli G, McIntyre N, Burroughs AK. Diurnal pattern of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 1993; 19: 15-22.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"266","article-title":"Circadian periodicity of the time of onset of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes","volume-title":"II United European Gastroenterology Week Abstract Book","author":"Casale, R.; Pasqualetti, P.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Casale R, Pasqualetti P. Circadian periodicity of the time of onset of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding episodes. II United European Gastroenterology Week Abstract Book. 1993: A266."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"195","article-title":"Daily modifications of plasma fibrinogen, platelets aggregation, Howell's time, PTT, TT and antithrombin III in normal subjects and in patients with vascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Petralito, A.; Mangiafico, R.A.; Gibiino, S.; Cuffari, M.A.; Miano, M.F.; Fiore, C.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Petralito A, Mangiafico RA, Gibiino S, Cuffari MA, Miano MF, Fiore CE. Daily modifications of plasma fibrinogen, platelets aggregation, Howell's time, PTT, TT and antithrombin III in normal subjects and in patients with vascular disease. Chronobiologia 1982; 9: 195-201.","journal-title":"Chronobiologia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190309","article-title":"Circadian variations of portal pressure and variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"19","author":"Garcia-Pagan, J.C.; Feu, F.; Castells, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Garcia-Pagan JC, Feu F, Castells A, et al. Circadian variations of portal pressure and variceal haemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994; 19: 595-601.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1204","article-title":"A predictive model for very early rebleeding from varices","volume-title":"Gut","volume":"31","author":"Cardin, F.; Gori, G.; McCormick, P.A.; Wannamethee, G.; McIntyre, N.; Burroughs, A.K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cardin F, Gori G, McCormick PA, Wannamethee G, McIntyre N, Burroughs AK. A predictive model for very early rebleeding from varices. Gut 1990; 31: A1204."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90247-2","article-title":"Systemic and hepatic hemodynamics after variceal hemorrhage: effects of propranolol and placebo","volume":"93","author":"Pomier-Layragues, G.; Villenueve, J.; Willems, B.; Huet, P.M.; Marleu, D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pomier-Layragues G, Villenueve J, Willems B, Huet PM, Marleu D. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamics after variceal hemorrhage: effects of propranolol and placebo. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 1218-24.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060122","article-title":"Assessment of short-term prognosis after variceal bleeding in patients wvith alcoholic cirrhosis by early measurement of portohepatic gradient","volume":"6","author":"Vinel, J.P.; Cassigneul, J.; Levade, M.; Boight, J.J.; Pascal, J.P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Vinel JP, Cassigneul J, Levade M, Boight JJ, Pascal JP. Assessment of short-term prognosis after variceal bleeding in patients wvith alcoholic cirrhosis by early measurement of portohepatic gradient. Hepatology 1986; 6: 116-7.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90796-N","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure","volume":"100","author":"Ready, J.B.; Robertson, A.D.; GoffJS, Rector; W.G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ready JB, Robertson AD, GoffJS, Rector WG. Assessment of the risk of bleeding from esophageal varices by continuous monitoring of portal pressure. GastroenterologAy 1991; 100: 1403-10.","journal-title":"GastroenterologAy"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"893","article-title":"Pressure profile in human esophageal varices during and after variceal bleeding obtained with a novel technique for continuous pressure monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Staritz, M.; Rambos, A.; Alkier, R.; Grosse, A.; Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Staritz M, Rambos A, Alkier R, Grosse A, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. Pressure profile in human esophageal varices during and after variceal bleeding obtained with a novel technique for continuous pressure monitoring. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: A893.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"81","key":"ref_23","first-page":"1232","article-title":"Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure (VP) during haemorrhage from esophageal varices (HEV)","volume":"16","author":"I, Ruiz Del Arbol; de Argila C, Martin; M, Vazquez; C, Arocena; A, Monescillo; A, Garcia Plaza","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ruiz Del Arbol I, Martin de Argila C, Vazquez M, Arocena C, Monescillo A, Garcia Plaza A, et al. Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure (VP) during haemorrhage from esophageal varices (HEV). Hepatology 1992; 16: 81A. 24 Kravetz D, Sikuler E, Groszmann RJ. Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 1232-40.","journal-title":"Hepatology; Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume restitution"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840090603","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of blood volume restitution following a haemorrhage in rats with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver: influence of the extent of portalsystemic shunting","volume":"9","author":"Kravetz, D.; Bosch, J.; Arderiu, M.; Pizcueta, M.P.; Rodes, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kravetz D, Bosch J, Arderiu M, Pizcueta MP, Rodes J. Hemodynamic effects of blood volume restitution following a haemorrhage in rats with portal hypertension due to cirrhosis of the liver: influence of the extent of portalsystemic shunting. Hepatology 1989; 9: 808-14.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196610062751403","article-title":"Effect of plasma volume expansion on portal hypertension","volume":"275","author":"Boyer, J.L.; Chatterjee, C.; Iber, F.L.; Basu, A.K.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Boyer JL, Chatterjee C, Iber FL, Basu AK. Effect of plasma volume expansion on portal hypertension. N Engl J Med 1966; 275: 750-5.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.2.99","article-title":"The portal pressure-blood volume relationship in cirrhosis","volume":"15","author":"Zimmon, D.S.; Kessler, R.E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Zimmon DS, Kessler RE. The portal pressure-blood volume relationship in cirrhosis. Gut 1974; 15: 99-101.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90289-0","article-title":"Hemorrhage from esophageal varices after placement of the LeVeen shunt","volume":"77","author":"Markey, W.; Payne, J.A.; Straus, A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Markey W, Payne JA, Straus A. Hemorrhage from esophageal varices after placement of the LeVeen shunt. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 341-3.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"897","article-title":"The effect of oral feeding of meat and glucose on hepatic vein wedge pressure in normal and cirrhotic subjects","volume":"51","author":"Castleman, L.; Brandt, J.L.; Ruskin, H.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Castleman L, Brandt JL, Ruskin H. The effect of oral feeding of meat and glucose on hepatic vein wedge pressure in normal and cirrhotic subjects. J Lab Clin Med 1958; 51: 897-903.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080335","article-title":"Postprandial hemodynamic responses in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Lee, S.S.; Hadengue, A.; Moreau, R.; Sayegh, R.; Hillon, P.; Levrec, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lee SS, Hadengue A, Moreau R, Sayegh R, Hillon P, Levrec D. Postprandial hemodynamic responses in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988; 8: 647-51.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90117-A","article-title":"The effect of non-protein liquid meals on the hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients","volume":"11","author":"McCormick, P.A.; Dick, R.; Graffeo, M.; Wagstaff, D.; Madden, A.; McIntyre, N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCormick PA, Dick R, Graffeo M, Wagstaff D, Madden A, McIntyre N, et al. The effect of non-protein liquid meals on the hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 221-5.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"250","article-title":"Postprandial regulation of intestinal blood flow: role of gastrointestinal hormones","volume":"249","author":"Premen, A.J.; Kvietys, P.R.; Granger, D.N.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Premen AJ, Kvietys PR, Granger DN. Postprandial regulation of intestinal blood flow: role of gastrointestinal hormones. Am7Physiol 1985; 249: G250-5."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"476","article-title":"Capsaicin-sensitive nerves are involved in bile-oleate-induced intestinal hyperemia","volume":"256","author":"Rozsa, Z.; Jacobson, E.D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rozsa Z, Jacobson ED. Capsaicin-sensitive nerves are involved in bile-oleate-induced intestinal hyperemia. AmJfPhysiol 1989; 256: G476-81.","journal-title":"AmJfPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(92)90032-A","article-title":"Balloon tamponade and vasoactive drugs in the control of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Garden, O.J.; Carter, D.C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garden OJ, Carter DC. Balloon tamponade and vasoactive drugs in the control of acute variceal haemorrhage. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1992; 6: 451-63.","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"145","article-title":"Le lavage digestif par une solution de mannitol au cours des hemorragies digestives du cirrhotique. Resultats d'une etude controlee","volume":"2","author":"Hecketsweiler, P.; Colin, R.; Ouvry, D.; Galmiche, J.P.; Paillot, B.; Geffroy, Y.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hecketsweiler P, Colin R, Ouvry D, Galmiche JP, Paillot B, Geffroy Y. Le lavage digestif par une solution de mannitol au cours des hemorragies digestives du cirrhotique. Resultats d'une etude controlee. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1978; 2: 145-52.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6464.275","article-title":"A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing somatostatin and vasopressin in controlling acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"290","author":"Jenkins, S.A.; Baxter, J.N.; Corbett, W.A.; Devitt, P.; Ware, J.; Shields, R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jenkins SA, Baxter JN, Corbett WA, Devitt P, Ware J, Shields R. A prospective randomised controlled clinical trial comparing somatostatin and vasopressin in controlling acute variceal haemorrhage. BMJ 1985; 290: 275-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91166-4","article-title":"Randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of somatostatin for variceal bleeding","volume":"99","author":"true","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burroughs AK, McCormick PA, Hughes MD, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of somatostatin for variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 1388-95.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90867-B","article-title":"A prospective randomised trial comparing somatostatin, balloon tamponade, and the combination of both methods in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage","volume":"13","author":"Avgerinos, A.; Klonis, C.; Rekoumnis, G.; Gouma, P.; Papadimitriou, N.; Raptis, S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Avgerinos A, Klonis C, Rekoumnis G, Gouma P, Papadimitriou N, Raptis S. A prospective randomised trial comparing somatostatin, balloon tamponade, and the combination of both methods in the management of acute variceal haemorrhage. Jf Hepatol 1991; 13: 78-83.","journal-title":"Jf Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"61","article-title":"Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices: a multicenter randomized trial","volume":"18","author":"Silvain, C.; Carpentier, S.; Satereau, D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Silvain C, Carpentier S, Satereau D, et al. Terlipressin plus transdermal nitroglycerin vs octreotide in the control of acute bleeding from esophageal varices: a multicenter randomized trial. Hepatology 1993; 18: 61-5.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91758-E","article-title":"Octreotide infusion or emergency sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage","volume":"342","author":"Sung, J.J.; Chung, S.C.S.; Lai, C.W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sung JJ, Chung SCS, Lai CW, et al. Octreotide infusion or emergency sclerotherapy for variceal haemorrhage. Lancet 1993; 342: 637-41.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"274","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin on mesenteric vascular resistance in normal and portal hypertensive rats","volume":"262","author":"Sieber CC, Mosca PG, Groszmann RJ","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sieber CC, Mosca PG, Groszmann RJ. Effect of somatostatin on mesenteric vascular resistance in normal and portal hypertensive rats. AmJPhysiol 1992; 262: G274-7.","journal-title":"AmJPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-53-4-675","article-title":"The effect of somatostatin analogs on secretion of growth, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal hormones in man","volume":"53","author":"Adrian, T.E.; Barnes, A.J.; Long, R.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Adrian TE, Barnes AJ, Long RG, et al. The effect of somatostatin analogs on secretion of growth, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal hormones in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 53: 675-81.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"489","article-title":"Octreotide reduces azygos blood flow in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. EurJ'","volume":"2","author":"McCormick, P.A.; Dick, R.; Siringo, S.","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCormick PA, Dick R, Siringo S, et al. Octreotide reduces azygos blood flow in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. EurJ' Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990; 2: 489-92.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"20","article-title":"Superior mesenteric artery blood flow in man measured with intra-arterial Doppler catheters: effect of octreotide","volume":"17","author":"McCormick, P.A.; Seifalian, A.; Stansby, G.; McGann, G.; Collins, P.; Chin, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"McCormick PA, Seifalian A, Stansby G, McGann G, Collins P, Chin J, et al. Superior mesenteric artery blood flow in man measured with intra-arterial Doppler catheters: effect of octreotide. J7 Hepatol 1993; 17: 20-7."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"847","article-title":"Effect of 15-day treatment with octreotide on glucagon levels in patients with cirrhosis","volume-title":"of the liver. Gastroenterology 1992; 102","author":"Malesci, A.; Basilico, M.; Tacconi, M.; Lorenzano, E.; Valentini, A.; Primignani, M.","unstructured":"Malesci A, Basilico M, Tacconi M, Lorenzano E, Valentini A, Primignani M, et al. Effect of 15-day treatment with octreotide on glucagon levels in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: A847."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1989.sp003308","article-title":"The peptide release inhibitor, octreotide (SMS 201-995) prevents the haemodynamic changes following food ingestion in normal human subjects","volume":"74","author":"Kooner, J.S.; Peart, W.S.; Matthias, C.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kooner JS, Peart WS, Matthias CJ. The peptide release inhibitor, octreotide (SMS 201-995) prevents the haemodynamic changes following food ingestion in normal human subjects. Q Y Exp Physiol 1989; 74: 569-72.","journal-title":"Q Y Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0810169","article-title":"Fasting and post-prandial splanchnic blood flow is reduced by a somatostatin analogue (octreotide) in man","volume":"81","author":"Cooper, A.M.; Braadvedt, G.D.; Qamar, M.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cooper AM, Braadvedt GD, Qamar MI, et al. Fasting and post-prandial splanchnic blood flow is reduced by a somatostatin analogue (octreotide) in man. Clin Sci 1991; 81: 169-75.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"96","article-title":"Octreotide blunts portal post-prandial hyperemia in cirrhotic patients","volume":"14","author":"Buonamico, P.; Jensen, J.E.; Sabba, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Buonamico P, Jensen JE, Sabba C, et al. Octreotide blunts portal post-prandial hyperemia in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1991; 14: 96A.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160513","article-title":"Octreotide inhibits the meal-induced increases in the portal venous pressure of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"McCormick, P.A.; Biagini, M.R.; Dick, R.","year":"1992","unstructured":"McCormick PA, Biagini MR, Dick R, et al. Octreotide inhibits the meal-induced increases in the portal venous pressure of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hepatology 1992; 16: 1180-6.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"150","article-title":"Hypovolaemia and reperfusion in portal hypertension: effects of somatostatin, octreotide and vasopressin","volume":"6","author":"Yates, J.; Nott, D.M.; Kynaston, H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yates J, Nott DM, Kynaston H, et al. Hypovolaemia and reperfusion in portal hypertension: effects of somatostatin, octreotide and vasopressin [Abstract]. HPB Surg 1993; 6 (suppl): 150.","journal-title":"HPB Surg"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.1.100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:52:17Z","timestamp":1765619537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.1.100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.36.1.100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.36.1.100","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]}}}