{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T16:11:37Z","timestamp":1773850297107,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The role of lamina propria cells in regulating human colonic ion transport was investigated in vitro. Normal human colonic mucosae were mounted in Ussing chambers, and short circuit current changes (delta SCC) were monitored in response to immune cell activation. Anti-human immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE) and formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMLP) were used to stimulate mast cells and phagocytes respectively. Anti-IgE (100 micrograms\/ml) and fMLP (100 microM) evoked rapid onset, inward delta SCC (mean (SEM) max delta SCC 19.3 (2.8) and 29.4 (4.7) microA\/0.63 cm2 respectively). A pharmacological approach was used to identify the charge carrying ion species and to characterise mediators involved in the SCC response. Responses to each secretagogue were significantly attenuated by bumetanide, indicating that the delta SCC was at least partly due to electrogenic chloride secretion. Piroxicam reduced the delta SCC to mast cell and phagocyte activation by 91.1 (3.4)% and 48.2 (25.2)% respectively, implicating eicosanoids as mediators of the responses. Mepyramine (100 microM) reduced the SCC responses to anti-IgE by 79.6 (12.0)% but did not significantly alter delta SCC responses to fMLP. Desensitisation to repeated anti-IgE or fMLP stimulation, and cross desensitisation between each of the stimuli, were features of immune cell activation. In summary, we have shown that activation of immune cells can stimulate electrogenic chloride secretion. Such events in vivo will result in gradient driven secretory diarrhoea, which may occur as a protective response to enteric-dwelling parasites, or as a feature of local bowel inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.3.395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"395-400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immune regulation of human colonic electrolyte transport in vitro."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"W A","family":"Stack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Keely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D P","family":"O'Donoghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A W","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198909283211307","article-title":"Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrhoeal disease (part 2)","volume":"321","author":"Field, M.; Rao, M.; Chang, E.B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Field M, Rao M, Chang EB. Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrhoeal disease (part 2). New Engl J Med 1989; 321: 879-83.","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90875-Y","article-title":"Mechanisms of inflammatory diarrhoea","volume":"103","author":"Barrett, K.E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Barrett KE. Mechanisms of inflammatory diarrhoea. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 710-11.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90047-3","article-title":"Gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity: basic mechanisms of pathophysiology","volume":"103","author":"Crowe, S.E.; Perdue, M.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Crowe SE, Perdue MH. Gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity: basic mechanisms of pathophysiology. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1075-95.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"591","article-title":"Immunophysiology of intestinal electrolyte transport","volume-title":"Handbook of physiology. The Gastrointestinal system IV","author":"Powell, D.W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Powell DW. Immunophysiology of intestinal electrolyte transport. In: Schultz SG, ed. Handbook of physiology. The Gastrointestinal system IV. Rockville, MD: The American Physiologic Society, 1991: 591-641."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"31","article-title":"Immunological regulation of electrolyte transport","volume-title":"Textbook of secretory diarrhoea","author":"Castro, G.A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Castro GA. Immunological regulation of electrolyte transport. In: Lebenthal E, Duffey ME, eds. Textbook of secretory diarrhoea. New York: Raven Press, 1990: 31-46."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11077.x","article-title":"Immediate hypersensitivity reactions the epithelia from rats infected with nippostrongylus brasiliensis","volume":"85","author":"Baird, A.W.; Cuthbert, A.W.; Pearce, F.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Baird AW, Cuthbert AW, Pearce FL. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions the epithelia from rats infected with nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Br Jf Pharmacol 1985; 85: 787-95.","journal-title":"Br Jf Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"74","article-title":"Allergic reactions of rat jejunal mucosa. Ion transport responses to luminal antigen","volume-title":"and inflammatory mediators. Gastroenterology 1990","volume":"99","author":"Crowe, S.E.; Sestini, P.; Perdue, M.H.","unstructured":"Crowe SE, Sestini P, Perdue MH. Allergic reactions of rat jejunal mucosa. Ion transport responses to luminal antigen and inflammatory mediators. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 74-82."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"573","article-title":"Anaphylactic-like reaction of small intestinal epithelium in parasitised guinea pigs","volume":"54","author":"Russell, D.A.; Castro, G.A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Russell DA, Castro GA. Anaphylactic-like reaction of small intestinal epithelium in parasitised guinea pigs. Immunology 1985; 54: 573-9.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114086","article-title":"Immune control of rat and rabbit colonic electrolyte transport: role of prostaglandins and enteric system","volume":"83","author":"Bern, M.J.; Sturbaum, C.W.; Karayalcin, S.S.; Berschneider, H.M.; Wachsman, J.T.; Powell, D.W.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bern MJ, Sturbaum CW, Karayalcin SS, Berschneider HM, Wachsman JT, Powell DW. Immune control of rat and rabbit colonic electrolyte transport: role of prostaglandins and enteric system. Clin Invest 1989; 83: 1810-20.","journal-title":"Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"959","article-title":"Immune related intestinal chloride secretion. III Acute and chronic effects of mast cell mediators on chloride secretion by a human colonic epithelial cell line","volume":"147","author":"Barrett, K.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Barrett KE. Immune related intestinal chloride secretion. III Acute and chronic effects of mast cell mediators on chloride secretion by a human colonic epithelial cell line. JImmunol 1991; 147: 959-64.","journal-title":"JImmunol"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"483","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of human intestinal mast cells","volume":"135","author":"Fox, C.C.; Dvorak, A.M.; Peters, S.P.; Kagey-Sobotka, A.; Lichtenstein, L.M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fox CC, Dvorak AM, Peters SP, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM. Isolation and characterisation of human intestinal mast cells. J Immunol 1985; 135: 483-91.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"137","article-title":"Formyl peptide chemotactic receptors of leucocytes and macrophages","volume-title":"Current topics in cellular regulation","volume":"17","author":"Niedel, J.E.; Cuatrecasas, P.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Niedel JE, Cuatrecasas P. Formyl peptide chemotactic receptors of leucocytes and macrophages. In: Horecker BL, Stadtman R, eds. Current topics in cellular regulation. New York: Academic Press, 1980; 17: 137-70."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1987.253.2.C177","article-title":"Characteristics and functions of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter in epithelial tissues","volume":"253","author":"O'Grady, S.M.; Palfrey, H.C.; Field, M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"O'Grady SM, Palfrey HC, Field M. Characteristics and functions of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter in epithelial tissues. Am Jf Physiol 1987; 253: C177-92.","journal-title":"Am Jf Physiol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)92087-T","article-title":"Electrical measurements in large intestine","volume":"192","author":"Hegel, U.; Fromm, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hegel U, Fromm M. Electrical measurements in large intestine. Methods Enzymnol 1990; 192: 459-84.","journal-title":"Methods Enzymnol"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"583","article-title":"Active transport of sodium by","volume-title":"human colon in vitro. Gastroenterology 1970; 59","author":"Grady, G.F.; Duhamel, R.C.; Moore, E.W.","unstructured":"Grady GF, Duhamel RC, Moore EW. Active transport of sodium by human colon in vitro. Gastroenterology 1970; 59: 583-88."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of amiloride on electrical activity and electrolyte transport in human colon","volume":"12","author":"Rask-Madsen, J.; Hjelt, K.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rask-Madsen J, Hjelt K. Effect of amiloride on electrical activity and electrolyte transport in human colon. Scandj3 Gastroenterol 1977; 12: 1-6."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90148-X","article-title":"Ion transport in human caecum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon in vitro; baseline and response to electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves","volume":"92","author":"Hubel, K.A.; Renquist, K.; Shirazi, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hubel KA, Renquist K, Shirazi S. Ion transport in human caecum, transverse colon and sigmoid colon in vitro; baseline and response to electrical stimulation of intrinsic nerves. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 501-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"441","article-title":"Ion transport","volume-title":"the human colon in vitro. Gastroenterology 1987; 93","author":"Sellin, J.H.; De Soigne, R.","unstructured":"Sellin JH, De Soigne R. Ion transport in the human colon in vitro. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 441-8."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"386","article-title":"Effect of tetrodotoxin on cholinergic agonist-mediated colonic electrolyte transport","volume":"244","author":"Zimmerman, T.W.; Binder, H.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zimmerman TW, Binder HJ. Effect of tetrodotoxin on cholinergic agonist-mediated colonic electrolyte transport. Am Jr Physiol 1983; 244: G386-91.","journal-title":"Am Jr Physiol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.9.999","article-title":"Electrophysiology of the human colon: evidence of segmental heterogeneity","volume":"27","author":"Sandel, G.I.; Wills, N.K.; Alles, W.; Binder, H.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sandel GI, Wills NK, Alles W, Binder HJ. Electrophysiology of the human colon: evidence of segmental heterogeneity. Gut 1986; 27: 999-1005.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"449","article-title":"Electrogenic ion secretion in proximal, mid and distal colon from fed and starved mice","volume":"106","author":"Sagmanligil, V.; Levin, R.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sagmanligil V, Levin RJ. Electrogenic ion secretion in proximal, mid and distal colon from fed and starved mice. Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993; 106: 449-56.","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol (C)"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536052","article-title":"Effects of enteric neural stimulation on chloride transport in human left colon in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Kuwahara, A.; Cooke, H.J.; Carey, H.V.; Mekhjian, H.; Ellison, E.C.; McGregor, B.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kuwahara A, Cooke HJ, Carey HV, Mekhjian H, Ellison EC, McGregor B. Effects of enteric neural stimulation on chloride transport in human left colon in vitro. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 206-13.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90894-I","article-title":"Anti-Immunoglobulin E stimulated ion transport in human large and small intestine","volume":"105","author":"Crowe, S.E.; Perdue, M.H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Crowe SE, Perdue MH. Anti-Immunoglobulin E stimulated ion transport in human large and small intestine. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 764-72.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"966","article-title":"Normal histology of the colon. Am J'","volume":"13","author":"Levine, D.; Haggitt, R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Levine D, Haggitt R. Normal histology of the colon. Am J' SurgPathol 1989; 13: 966-84.","journal-title":"SurgPathol"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pathology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and relevance of specific cell findings: an overview. In: Recent developments in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Proceedings of a symposium. Myerhoff centre for digestive diseases at Johns","author":"Yardley, J.H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Yardley JH. Pathology of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and relevance of specific cell findings: an overview. In: Recent developments in the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Proceedings of a symposium. Myerhoff centre for digestive diseases at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore. 1986: 3-9."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115800","article-title":"Chloride secretion in a model intestinal epithelium induced by a neutrophil derived secretagogue","volume":"89","author":"Madara, J.L.; Parkos, C.A.; Colgan, S.P.; Macleod, R.J.; Nash, S.; Matthews, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Madara JL, Parkos CA, Colgan SP, Macleod RJ, Nash S, Matthews J, et al. Chloride secretion in a model intestinal epithelium induced by a neutrophil derived secretagogue. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1938-44.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2320","article-title":"5' adenosine monophosphate is the neutrophil derived paracrine factor that elicits chloride secretion from T84 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers","volume":"91","author":"Madara, J.L.; Patapoff, T.W.; Gillece-Castro, B.; Colgan, S.P.; Parkos, C.A.; Delp, C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Madara JL, Patapoff TW, Gillece-Castro B, Colgan SP, Parkos CA, Delp C, et al. 5' adenosine monophosphate is the neutrophil derived paracrine factor that elicits chloride secretion from T84 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. 7 Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2320-5."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2087","article-title":"Fc receptors for IgE on human and rat eosinophils","volume":"126","author":"Capron, M.; Capron, A.; Dessaint, J.P.; Torpier, G.; Gunner, S.; Johannson, S.G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Capron M, Capron A, Dessaint JP, Torpier G, Gunner S, Johannson SG, et al. Fc receptors for IgE on human and rat eosinophils. J Immunol 1981; 126: 2087-92.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/367183a0","article-title":"High affinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defence against parasites","volume":"367","author":"Gounni, A.S.; Lamkhioued, B.; Ochial, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Delaporte, E.; Capron, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gounni AS, Lamkhioued B, Ochial K, Tanaka Y, Delaporte E, Capron A, et al. High affinity IgE receptor on eosinophils is involved in defence against parasites. Nature 1994; 367: 183-6.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"769","article-title":"Activated eosinophils evoke Cl secretion via adenosine-like receptors in a model intestinal epithelium","volume":"104","author":"Resnic, M.; Colgan, S.P.; Weller, J.; Madara, J.L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Resnic M, Colgan SP, Weller J, Madara JL. Activated eosinophils evoke Cl secretion via adenosine-like receptors in a model intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: A769.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"Regulation of human basophils and mast cells. Activation by cytokines","volume-title":"The year in immunology","author":"Lett-Brown, M.A.; Alam, R.; Grant, J.A.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lett-Brown MA, Alam R, Grant JA. Regulation of human basophils and mast cells. Activation by cytokines. In: Cruse J, Lewis R Jr, eds. The year in immunology, 1988."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.4.503","article-title":"Inter-relationships between inflammatory mediators released from colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and their effects on colonic secretion","volume":"34","author":"Wardle, T.D.; Hall, L.; Turnberg, L.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wardle TD, Hall L, Turnberg LA. Inter-relationships between inflammatory mediators released from colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis and their effects on colonic secretion. Gut 1993; 34: 503-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1828","article-title":"Chloride secretory mechanism induced by prostaglandin El in a colonic epithelial cell line","volume":"75","author":"Weymer, A.; Huott, P.; Liu, W.; McRoberts, J.A.; Dharmsathaphom, K.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weymer A, Huott P, Liu W, McRoberts JA, Dharmsathaphom K. Chloride secretory mechanism induced by prostaglandin El in a colonic epithelial cell line. Jf Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1828-36.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal mucosa, are they important in its function, disease","volume-title":"or treatment? Gastroenterology 1985; 89","author":"Hawkey, C.J.; Rampton, D.S.","unstructured":"Hawkey CJ, Rampton DS. Prostaglandins and the gastrointestinal mucosa, are they important in its function, disease or treatment? Gastroenterology 1985; 89: 1162-88."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"673","article-title":"Eicosanoid interactions in the canine proximal colon","volume":"256","author":"Keenan, C.M.; Rangachari, P.K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Keenan CM, Rangachari PK. Eicosanoid interactions in the canine proximal colon. Am Jf Physiol 1989; 256: G673-9.","journal-title":"Am Jf Physiol"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"411","article-title":"Effects of histamines and histamine receptor antagonists on ion transport in rabbit descending colon","volume":"246","author":"McCabe, R.D.; Smith, P.L.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McCabe RD, Smith PL. Effects of histamines and histamine receptor antagonists on ion transport in rabbit descending colon. AmJPhysiol 1984; 246: G411-8.","journal-title":"AmJPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"432","article-title":"Histamine augments colonic secretion in guinea pig distal colon","volume":"258","author":"Wang, Y.Z.; Cooke, H.J.; Su, H.C.; Fertel, R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wang YZ, Cooke HJ, Su HC, Fertel R. Histamine augments colonic secretion in guinea pig distal colon. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G432-9.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"79","article-title":"Histamine stimulation of human colonic ion transport is mediated via H, receptors","volume":"110","author":"Keely, S.J.; Stack, W.A.; O'Donoghue, D.P.; Baird, A.W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Keely SJ, Stack WA, O'Donoghue DP, Baird AW. Histamine stimulation of human colonic ion transport is mediated via H, receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 110: 79P.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.8.2604","article-title":"Mast cells from the human intestinal lamina propria. Isolation, histochemical subtypes and functional characterisation","volume":"138","author":"Befus, A.D.; Dyck, N.; Goodacre, R.; Bienenstock, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Befus AD, Dyck N, Goodacre R, Bienenstock J. Mast cells from the human intestinal lamina propria. Isolation, histochemical subtypes and functional characterisation. J Immunol 1987; 138: 2604-10.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"657","article-title":"Gastrointestinal dysfunction in systemic mastocytosis: a prospective study","volume":"95","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cherner JA, Jensen RT, Dubois A, 0 Dorisio TM, Gardner JD, Metcalfe DD. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in systemic mastocytosis: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1987; 95: 657-67.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(80)80072-4","article-title":"Crohn's disease: transmission electron microscopic studies. Immunologic inflammatory response. Alteration of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and microvasculature","volume":"11","author":"Dvorak, A.; Monohan, R.; Osage, J.; Dickerson, G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Dvorak A, Monohan R, Osage J, Dickerson G. Crohn's disease: transmission electron microscopic studies. Immunologic inflammatory response. Alteration of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and microvasculature. Hum Pathol 1980; 11: 606-19.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02899101","article-title":"Mast cells in ulcerative colitis. Quantitative and ultrastructural studies","volume":"57","author":"Balazs, M.; Illyes, G.; Vadasz, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Balazs M, Illyes G, Vadasz G. Mast cells in ulcerative colitis. Quantitative and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Arch CeU Path 1989; 57: 353-60.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch CeU Path"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"599","article-title":"Immunophysiology of the gut: a research frontier for integrative studies of the common mucosal immune system","volume":"265","author":"Castro, G.A.; Arntzen, C.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Castro GA, Arntzen CJ. Immunophysiology of the gut: a research frontier for integrative studies of the common mucosal immune system. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: G599-610.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90128-Y","article-title":"Immunology of the intestinal tract","volume":"105","author":"Kagnoff, M.F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kagnoff MF. Immunology of the intestinal tract. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1275-80.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.395","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T07:23:11Z","timestamp":1757316191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.395"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.36.3.395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.395","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}}}