{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:17:49Z","timestamp":1765599469024,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A systematic review of the 2.1 mu holmium-YAG laser for gall stone lithotripsy was undertaken. This infrared laser, which can be used endoscopically and percutaneously, has safety advantages over other lasers and has potential as a general purpose vascular and surgical tool. Twenty nine gall stones (mean mass 1.3 g) were fragmented in vitro using pulse energies of 114 to 159 mJ\/pulse at 5 Hz with a 0.6 mm fibre, while being held in an endoscopy basket. All stones were successfully fragmented, requiring an average of 566 pulses with a 5 Hz pulse repetition frequency. The number of pulses required increased with gall stone size and mass (p &lt; 0.01), and decreased with both pulse energy (p &lt; 0.01) and operator experience (p &lt; 0.05). The biochemical content of the stone did not significantly affect the number of pulses needed. The potential hazard of the laser to the biliary endothelium was investigated. At the pulse energies used, five pulses at close contact penetrated into the serosa of fresh gall bladder wall. No damage was seen when two pulses were fired. This laser shows considerable promise in gall stone lithotripsy. Until further safety data are available, however, its use with endoscopic vision is advised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.3.442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"442-445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Holmium-YAG laser for gall stone fragmentation: an endoscopic tool."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M J","family":"Blomley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D A","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Bartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1117\/12.44105","article-title":"Tissue ablation by holmium-YSGG laser pulses through saline and blood","volume":"1427","author":"van Leeuwen TG; van der Veen MJ; RM, Verdaasdonk; C, Borst","year":"1991","unstructured":"van Leeuwen TG, van der Veen MJ, Verdaasdonk RM, Borst C. Tissue ablation by holmium-YSGG laser pulses through saline and blood. SPIE Laser-Tissue Interaction II 1991; 1427: 214-9.","journal-title":"SPIE Laser-Tissue Interaction II"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800760511","article-title":"Gallstone lithotripsy with the pulsed dye laser: in vitro studies","volume":"76","author":"Murray, A.; Basu, R.; Fairclough, P.D.; Wood, R.F.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Murray A, Basu R, Fairclough PD, Wood RFM. Gallstone lithotripsy with the pulsed dye laser: in vitro studies. BrJ Surg 1989; 76: 457-60.","journal-title":"BrJ Surg"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"313","article-title":"Laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones","volume-title":"applications oflasers","author":"Ch, Ell; J, Hochberger","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ell Ch, Hochberger J. Laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones. In: Dixon JA, ed. Surgical applications oflasers. 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, 1982: 313-23.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)91010-9","article-title":"Fragmentation of biliary calculi with tunable dye lasers","volume":"93","author":"Nishioka, N.; Levins, P.C.; Murray, S.C.; Parrish, J.A.; Anderson, R.R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nishioka N, Levins PC, Murray SC, Parrish JA, Anderson RR. Fragmentation of biliary calculi with tunable dye lasers. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 250-5.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018340","article-title":"Laser induced shockwave lithotripsy of gallstones","volume":"18","author":"Ch, Ell; F, Wondrazek; F, Frank; J, Hochberger; G, Lux; L, Demling","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ell Ch, Wondrazek F, Frank F, Hochberger J, Lux G, Demling L. Laser induced shockwave lithotripsy of gallstones. 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Gastroenterology 1992; 100: 1730-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900110108","article-title":"Noncontact tissue ablation by holmium-YSGG pulses in blood","volume":"11","author":"van Leeuwen TG; van der Veen MJ; RM, Verdaasdonk; C, Borst","year":"1991","unstructured":"van Leeuwen TG, van der Veen MJ, Verdaasdonk RM, Borst C. Noncontact tissue ablation by holmium-YSGG pulses in blood. Lasers Surg Med 1991; 11: 26-34.","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"Penetration of the holmium-YAG laser through fluids","author":"Blomley, M.J.K.; Nicholson, D.A.; Bartal, G.; Bradley, A.; Myers, M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Blomley MJK, Nicholson DA, Bartal G, Bradley A, Myers M. Penetration of the holmium-YAG laser through fluids. Jrournal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 1995 (in press).","journal-title":"Jrournal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00591307","article-title":"Comparison of methods for transcatheter fragmentation of gallstones","volume":"3","author":"Johnson, J.P.; Oz, M.C.; Chuck, R.S.H.; Treat, M.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Johnson JP, Oz MC, Chuck RSH, Treat MR. Comparison of methods for transcatheter fragmentation of gallstones. Surg Endosc 1989; 3: 7-10.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900120505","article-title":"Comparison of holmium and flashlamp pumped dye laser for use in lithotripsy of biliary calculi","volume":"12","author":"Spindel, M.L.; Moslem, A.; Bhatia, K.S.; Jassemejad, B.; Bartels, K.E.; Powell, R.C.; O'Hare, C.; Tytle, T.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spindel ML, Moslem A, Bhatia KS, Jassemejad B, Bartels KE, Powell RC, O'Hare C, Tytle T. Comparison of holmium and flashlamp pumped dye laser for use in lithotripsy of biliary calculi. 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Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109 (11): 1605-9.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.442","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:14:04Z","timestamp":1765599244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.442"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.36.3.442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.36.3.442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-5749"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3]]}}}