{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:30:48Z","timestamp":1765294248733,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neopterin is produced by macrophages after stimulation with interferon gamma or lipopolysaccharide. Its production is increased in many infectious, autoimmune, and malignant diseases. The aim of this study was to examine whether, on the basis of neopterin as a marker, liver diseases could be classified according to aetiology and stage of disease. A cohort of 264 patients with chronic liver diseases (viral, metabolic, autoimmune, toxic) and 150 normal controls were studied; 136 of the patients had cirrhosis. Increased serum neopterin concentrations were found in 41% of all patients (controls 6.0 (2.2) nmol\/l), with patients in the cirrhotic stage of disease showing higher neopterin values (mean (SD) 15.7 (23.6) nmol\/ml) than those in the non-cirrhotic stage (9.9 (5.5)). There were no statistically significant differences in the serum neopterin concentrations that could be considered characteristic for different stages of disease classified according to the Child criteria. Such differences in concentrations of neopterin that were found in patients with liver diseases grouped according to underlying causes were only marginal. Serum neopterin concentrations were found to be significantly lower than in any other disease group only in patients with Wilson's disease. The results suggest that activated macrophages participate in the development of chronic liver disease. Measurement of serum neopterin does not offer a reliable method for differentiating between various aetiologies of chronic liver diseases and does not help to predict severity of cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"108-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serum neopterin concentrations in chronic liver disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Wilmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"N\u00f6lchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Tilg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Herold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Pechlaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Judmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"310","article-title":"Immune response-associated production of neopterin.7 Exp Med","volume":"160","author":"Huber, C.; Batchelor, JR, Fuchs; D, Hausen; A, Lang; A, Niederwieser; D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Huber C, Batchelor JR, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Lang A, Niederwieser D, et al. Immune response-associated production of neopterin.7 Exp Med 1984; 160: 310-6."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198606000-00010","article-title":"Relationship of interferon-gamma and neopterin levels during stimulation with alloantigens in vivo and in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Woloszczuk, W.; Troppmair, W.; Leiter, E.; Flener, R.; Schwarz, M.; Kovarik, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Woloszczuk W, Troppmair W, Leiter E, Flener R, Schwarz M, Kovarik J, et al. Relationship of interferon-gamma and neopterin levels during stimulation with alloantigens in vivo and in vitro. Transplantation 1986; 41: 716-9.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"392","article-title":"In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the induction of neopterin in biosynthesis of cytokines, alloantigens and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clin Exp Immunol","volume":"74","author":"Troppmair, J.; Nachbaur, K.; Herold, M.; Aulitzky, W.E.; Tilg, H.; Gastl, G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Troppmair J, Nachbaur K, Herold M, Aulitzky WE, Tilg H, Gastl G, et al. In-vitro and in-vivo studies on the induction of neopterin in biosynthesis of cytokines, alloantigens and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clin Exp Immunol 1988; 74: 392-7."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(89)90192-2","article-title":"Biosynthesis and significance of neopterin in the immune system","volume":"25","author":"Blau, N.; Schoedon, G.; Curtius, H.-C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Blau N, Schoedon G, Curtius H-C. Biosynthesis and significance of neopterin in the immune system. EurJ Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 603-5.","journal-title":"EurJ Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"107","volume":"112","author":"Huber, C.; Troppmair, J.; Rokos, H.; Curtius, H.C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Huber C, Troppmair J, Rokos H, Curtius HC. Neopterin today. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1987; 112: 107-13.","journal-title":"Neopterin today. Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"72","article-title":"Structure and synthesis of neopterin","volume":"662","author":"Rembold, H.; Buschmann, L.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Rembold H, Buschmann L. Structure and synthesis of neopterin. Liebigs Ann Chem 1963; 662: 72-82.","journal-title":"Liebigs Ann Chem"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"82","article-title":"Neopterin as marker for activation of cellular immunity: immunologic basis and clinical application","volume":"27","author":"Watcher, H.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Reibnegger, G.; Wetner, E.R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Watcher H, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Wetner ER. Neopterin as marker for activation of cellular immunity: immunologic basis and clinical application. Adv Clin Chem 1989; 27: 82-125.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"453","article-title":"Urinary neopterin in acute and chronic liver disease","volume-title":"clinical aspects of pteridines","author":"Farci, A.M.G.; Laconi, R.; Cabras, F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Farci AMG, Laconi R, Cabras F. Urinary neopterin in acute and chronic liver disease. In: Wachter H, Curtius HC, Pfeiderer W, eds. Biochemical and clinical aspects of pteridines. 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Hepatology 1988; 8: 771-4.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01662720","article-title":"Value of urinary neopterin in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections","volume":"68","author":"Denz, H.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Huber, H.; Nachbaur, D.; Reibnegger, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Denz H, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Huber H, Nachbaur D, Reibnegger G, et al. Value of urinary neopterin in the differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections. Klin Wochenschr 1990; 68: 218-22.","journal-title":"Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1957","article-title":"Increased urinary excretion of neopterin in patients with malignant tumors and virus diseases","volume":"360","author":"Wachter, H.; Hausen, A.; Grassmayr, K.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wachter H, Hausen A, Grassmayr K. Increased urinary excretion of neopterin in patients with malignant tumors and virus diseases. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1979; 360: 1957-60.","journal-title":"Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198336060-00013","article-title":"Neopterin as a new biochemical marker for diagnosis of allograft rejection","volume":"36","author":"Margreiter, R.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.; Huber, C.; Reibnegger, G.; Spielberger, M.; Wachter, H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Margreiter R, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Huber C, Reibnegger G, Spielberger M, Wachter H. Neopterin as a new biochemical marker for diagnosis of allograft rejection. Transplantation 1983; 36: 650-3.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"594","article-title":"Neopterin excretion after liver transplantation and its value in differential diagnosis of complications","volume":"48","author":"true","year":"1989","unstructured":"Tilg H, Vogel W, Aulitzky WE, Schonitzer D, Margreiter R, Deitze 0, et al. Neopterin excretion after liver transplantation and its value in differential diagnosis of complications. Transplantation 1989; 48: 594-9.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-198411000-00011","article-title":"Neopterin as a new biochemical marker in the clinical monitoring of bone marrow transplant recipients","volume":"38","author":"Niederwieser, D.; Ch, Huber; Gratwohl, A.; Bannert, P.; Fuchs, D.; Hausen, A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Niederwieser D, Huber Ch, Gratwohl A, Bannert P, Fuchs D, Hausen A, et al. Neopterin as a new biochemical marker in the clinical monitoring of bone marrow transplant recipients. 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AmJ7 Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 471-6."}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T19:18:31Z","timestamp":1757272711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.108"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.37.1.108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.108","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0017-5749"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-3288"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}}}