{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T13:10:20Z","timestamp":1789650620667,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"4-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Anal endosonography in faecal incontinence."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"C I","family":"Bartram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A H","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"184","article-title":"Electromyography in pelvic floor disorders","volume-title":"the pelvic floor","author":"Swash, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Swash M. Electromyography in pelvic floor disorders. In: Henry MM, Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992: 184-95.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01889235","article-title":"Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy","volume":"14","author":"Law, P.J.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Law PJ, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography: technique and normal anatomy. Gastrointest Radiol 1989; 14: 349-53.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049404","article-title":"Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor","volume":"35","author":"Tjandra, J.J.; Milson, J.W.; Stolfi, V.M.; Lavery, I.; Oakley, J.; Church, J.; Fazio, V.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tjandra JJ, Milson JW, Stolfi VM, Lavery I, Oakley J, Church J, Fazio V. Endoluminal ultrasound defines anatomy of the anal canal and pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 465-70.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)81819-7","article-title":"Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry","volume":"49","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Nicholls, R.J.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Endosonography of the anal sphincters: normal anatomy and comparison with manometry. Clin Radiol 1994; 49: 368-74.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/028418519203300515","article-title":"Anal sphincter size measured by endosonography in healthy volunteers","volume":"33","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Rasmussen 00, Sorensen M, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Anal sphincter size measured by endosonography in healthy volunteers. Acta Radiol 1992; 33: 453-6.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00703951","article-title":"Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter","volume":"6","author":"Burnett, S.J.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burnett SJ, Bartram CI. Endosonographic variations in the normal internal anal sphincter. IntJ Colorect Dis 1991; 6: 2-4.","journal-title":"IntJ Colorect Dis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.12.1692","article-title":"Ultrastructure changes in internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence","volume":"29","author":"Swash, M.; Gray, A.; Lubowski, D.Z.; Nicholls, R.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Swash M, Gray A, Lubowski DZ, Nicholls RJ. Ultrastructure changes in internal anal sphincter in neurogenic faecal incontinence. Gut 1988; 29: 1692-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800590909","article-title":"Anatomy of the external anal sphincter","volume":"59","author":"Oh, C.; Kark, A.E.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Oh C, Kark AE. Anatomy of the external anal sphincter. BrJ Surg 1972; 59: 717-23.","journal-title":"BrJ Surg"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"312","article-title":"Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence","volume":"78","author":"Law, P.J.; Kamm, M.A.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Law PJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography in the investigation of faecal incontinence. BrJtSurg 1991; 78: 312-4.","journal-title":"BrJtSurg"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1199","article-title":"Endosonography of the anal sphincter: findings in healthy volunteers","volume":"157","year":"1991","unstructured":"Nielsen BM, Pedersen JF, Hauge C, Rasmussen 00, Christiansen J. Endosonography of the anal sphincter: findings in healthy volunteers. AJ3R 1991; 157: 1199-202.","journal-title":"AJ3R"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02047296","article-title":"Sonographic, manometric, and myographic evaluation of the anal sphincters morphology and function","volume":"36","author":"Gantke, B.; Schafer, A.; Enck, P.; Lubke, H.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gantke B, Schafer A, Enck P, Lubke HJ. Sonographic, manometric, and myographic evaluation of the anal sphincters morphology and function. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 1037-41.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02047213","article-title":"The importance of anal endosonography in the evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Emblem, R.; Dhaenens, G.; Stien, R.; Mokrid, L.; Aasen, A.O.; Bergan, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emblem R, Dhaenens G, Stien R, Mokrid L, Aasen AO, Bergan A. The importance of anal endosonography in the evaluation of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 42-8.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049319","article-title":"Prospective study of the extent of lateral anal sphincterotomy division during lateral sphincterotomy","volume":"37","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Nicholls, R.J.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI. Prospective study of the extent of lateral anal sphincterotomy division during lateral sphincterotomy. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 1031-3.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800781206","article-title":"Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography","volume":"78","author":"Speakman, C.T.M.; Burnett, S.J.D.; Kamm, M.A.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Speakman CTM, Burnett SJD, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Sphincter injury after anal dilatation demonstrated by anal endosonography. Br J Surg 1991; 78: 1429-30.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076193","article-title":"Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"Falk, P.M.; Blatchford, G.J.; Cali, R.L.; Christensen, M.A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Falk PM, Blatchford GJ, Cali RL, Christensen MA. Transanal ultrasound and manometry in the evaluation of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 468-72.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253496","article-title":"Anal endosonography: relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests","volume":"35","author":"Felt-Bersma, R.J.F.; Cuesta, M.A.; Koorevarr, M.; Strijers, R.L.M.; Meuwissen, S.G.M.; Dereksen, E.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA, Koorevarr M, Strijers RLM, Meuwissen SGM, Dereksen EJ, et al. Anal endosonography: relationship with anal manometry and neurophysiologic tests. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 944-9.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800780419","article-title":"Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping","volume":"78","author":"Burnett, S.J.D.; Speakman, C.T.M.; Kamm, M.A.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burnett SJD, Speakman CTM, Kamm MA, Bartram CI. Confirmation of endosonographic detection of external anal sphincter defects by simultaneous electromyographic mapping. BrJ Surg 1991; 78: 448-50.","journal-title":"BrJ Surg"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238597","article-title":"Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincter defects","volume":"36","author":"Jn, Tjandra; JW, Milson; T, Schroeder; VW, Fazio","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tjandra Jn, Milson JW, Schroeder T, Fazio VW. Endoluminal ultrasound is preferable to electromyography in mapping anal sphincter defects. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 689-92.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053340","article-title":"Anal sphincter imaging in faecal incontinence using endosonography","volume":"35","author":"Cuesta, M.A.; Meijer, S.; Derksen, E.J.; Boutkan, H.; Meuwissen, S.G.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cuesta MA, Meijer S, Derksen EJ, Boutkan H, Meuwissen SGM. Anal sphincter imaging in faecal incontinence using endosonography. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 59-63.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810349","article-title":"Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically","volume":"81","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Talbot, A.C.; Nicholls, JR, Bartram; C.I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot AC, Nicholls JR, Bartram CI. Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. BrJ Surg 1994; 81: 463-5.","journal-title":"BrJ Surg"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","article-title":"Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery","volume":"329","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Hudson, C.N.; Thomas, J.M.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI. Anal sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl Jf Med 1993; 329: 1905-11.","journal-title":"N Engl Jf Med"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"225","article-title":"Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosconography","volume":"64","author":"Burnett, S.J.D.; Spence-Jones, C.; Speakman, C.T.M.; Kamm, M.A.; Hudson, C.N.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Burnett SJD, Spence-Jones C, Speakman CTM, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Unsuspected sphincter damage following childbirth revealed by anal endosconography. BrJRadiol 1991; 64: 225-7.","journal-title":"BrJRadiol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.5.685","article-title":"The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective study","volume":"34","author":"Deen, K.I.; Kumar, D.; Williams, J.G.; Olliff, J.; Keighley, M.R.B.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Deen KI, Kumar D, Williams JG, Olliff J, Keighley MRB. The prevalence of anal sphincter defects in faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Gut 1993; 34: 685-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6905.636","article-title":"Faecal incontinence","volume":"307","author":"Swash, M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Swash M. Faecal incontinence. BMJ 1993; 307: 636-7.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238595","article-title":"Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano","volume":"36","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Rasmussen 00, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Risk of sphincter damage and anal incontinence after anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum 1993; 36: 677-80.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90514-W","article-title":"Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery","volume":"43","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Bartram, C.I.; Hudson, C.N.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Bartram CI, Hudson CN. Anal sphincter trauma during instrumental delivery. IntJ GCynecol Obstet 1993; 43: 263-70.","journal-title":"IntJ GCynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"104","article-title":"Anal endosonographic findings in the follow-up ofprimarily sutured sphincteric ruptures","volume-title":"Br7Surg","volume":"79","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Hauge C, Rasmussen 00, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Anal endosonographic findings in the follow-up ofprimarily sutured sphincteric ruptures. Br7Surg 1992; 79: 104-6."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.887","article-title":"Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair","volume":"308","author":"Sultan, A.H.; Kamm, M.A.; Hudson, C.N.; Bartram, C.I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI. Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 1994; 308: 887-91.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810853","article-title":"Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma","volume":"81","author":"Engel, A.F.; Kamm, M.A.; Sultan, A.H.; Bartram, C.I.; Nicholls, R.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Engel AF, Kamm MA, Sultan AH, Bartram CI, Nicholls RJ. Anterior anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1231-4.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02076187","article-title":"Endosonographic assessment of the anal sphincter after surgical reconstruction","volume":"37","author":"Nielsen, M.B.; Dammegaard, L.; Pedersen, J.F.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Dammegaard L, Pedersen JF. Endosonographic assessment of the anal sphincter after surgical reconstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 434-8.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"771","article-title":"Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence","volume":"160","author":"Nielsen, M.B.; Huage, C.; Pedersen, J.F.; Christiansen, J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielsen MB, Huage C, Pedersen JF, Christiansen J. Endosonographic evaluation of patients with anal incontinence. AJ3R 1993; 160: 771-5."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"771","article-title":"Anatomy of the anal sphincters: comparison of anal endosonography to magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"Schafer, A.; Enck, P.; Fuirst, G.; Kahn, T.H.; Frieling, T.; Lubke, H.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schafer A, Enck P, Fuirst G, Kahn TH, Frieling T, Lubke HJ. Anatomy of the anal sphincters: comparison of anal endosonography to magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum 1994; 37: 771-81.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_33","article-title":"High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anal sphincter using an internal coil","author":"DeSouza, N.M.; Kmiot, W.A.; Puni, R.; Hall, A.S.; Bartram, C.I.; Burl, M.","unstructured":"DeSouza NM, Kmiot WA, Puni R, Hall AS, Bartram CI, Burl M, et al. High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anal sphincter using an internal coil. Gut (in press)."}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T16:23:24Z","timestamp":1763742204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.37.1.4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.37.1.4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,7]]}}}