{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:05:12Z","timestamp":1785855912757,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric adaptation to injury during repeated doses of acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) is a well documented finding but it is not known whether this adaptation affects the tolerance of the mucosa to other strong irritants. Gastric adaptation was induced by repeated daily doses of acidified ASA (100 mg\/kg in 1.5 ml of 0.2 N HCl) given intragastrically (series A rats). Control rats with an intact stomach were given daily intragastric vehicle only (1.5 ml of 0.2 N HCl) (series B). After full adaptation to ASA (5 days), rats were challenged again with acidified ASA or, for comparison, with strong irritants such as 100% ethanol, 200 mM acidified taurocholate, or 25% NaCl for 1 hour or with water immersion and restraint for 3.5 hours. The first dose of ASA produced numerous gastric lesions and deep histological necrosis accompanied by a fall in the gastric blood flow, negligible expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) or their receptors, and no evidence of mucosal proliferation. As adaptation to ASA developed, however, the areas of gastric lesions were reduced by more than 80% and there was a noticeable decrease in deep necrosis, a partial restoration of gastric blood flow, an approximately four-fold increase in EGF expression (but not in TGF alpha) and its receptors, and an appreciable increase in mucosal cell proliferation compared with vehicle treated rats. Increases in the mucosal expression of EGF receptors and the luminal content of EGF were also found in ASA adapted animals. In ASA adapted rats subsequently challenged with 100% ethanol, 200 mM TC, 25% NaCl, or stress, the area of the gastric lesions and deep histological necrosis were appreciably reduced compared with values in vehicle treated rats. This increased mucosal tolerance to strong irritants was also accompanied by the return of the gastric blood flow towards control levels and further significant increases in the mucosal expression of EGF receptors and mucosal cell proliferation. Gastric adaptation to ASA enhances the mucosal resistance to injury by strong irritants probably as a result of the restoration of the gastric blood flow and increased cell proliferation that may result from increased mucosal expression of EGF and its receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.6.749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"749-757","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Gastric adaptation to injury by repeated doses of aspirin strengthens mucosal defence against subsequent exposure to various strong irritants in rats."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Brzozowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P C","family":"Konturek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S J","family":"Konturek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Stachura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E G","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80063-0","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory druginduced ulcers: management by traditional therapies","volume":"96","author":"McCarthy, D.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"McCarthy DM. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory druginduced ulcers: management by traditional therapies. Gastroenterolog-y 1989; 96: 662-74.","journal-title":"Gastroenterolog-y"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"Gastric adaptation: basic and clinical aspects","volume":"55","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Konturek, J.W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Konturek JW. Gastric adaptation: basic and clinical aspects. Thgestion 1994; 55: 131-8.","journal-title":"Thgestion"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"881","article-title":"Adaptation of the gastric mucosa to repeated administration of aspirin in the rat","volume":"18","author":"DJB, St John; ND, Yeomans; FT, McDermott; WGRM, De Boer","year":"1973","unstructured":"St John DJB, Yeomans ND, McDermott FT, De Boer WGRM. Adaptation of the gastric mucosa to repeated administration of aspirin in the rat. AmJ.DigDis 1973; 18: 881-6.","journal-title":"AmJ. DigDis"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01393353","article-title":"Gastric adaptation occurs with aspirin administration in man","volume":"28","author":"Graham, D.J.; Smith, J.L.; Dobbs, S.M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Graham DJ, Smith JL, Dobbs SM. Gastric adaptation occurs with aspirin administration in man. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28: 1-6.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"327","article-title":"Gastric adaptation. Studies in humans during continuous aspirin administration","volume":"95","author":"Graham, D.J.; Smith, J.L.; Spjut, H.J.; Torres, E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Graham DJ, Smith JL, Spjut HJ, Torres E. Gastric adaptation. Studies in humans during continuous aspirin administration. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 327-33.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209096006","article-title":"Gastric adaptation to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in man","volume":"193","author":"Olivero, J.J.; Graham, D.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Olivero JJ, Graham DJ. Gastric adaptation to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in man. Scand Jf Gastroenterol 1992; 193 (suppl): 53-8.","journal-title":"Scand Jf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"334","article-title":"The effect of indomethacin on gastroduodenal morphology and mucosal pH gradient","volume-title":"the healthy human stomach. Gastroenterology 1990","volume":"99","author":"Shorrock, C.J.; Prescott, R.J.; Rees, W.D.W.","unstructured":"Shorrock CJ, Prescott RJ, Rees WDW. The effect of indomethacin on gastroduodenal morphology and mucosal pH gradient in the healthy human stomach. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 334-9."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"928","article-title":"The induction of gastric mucosal tolerance to alcohol by chronic administration","volume":"96","author":"Ivey, K.J.; Tarnawski, A.; Stachura, J.; Werner, H.; Mach, T.; Burks, M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ivey KJ, Tarnawski A, Stachura J, Werner H, Mach T, Burks M. The induction of gastric mucosal tolerance to alcohol by chronic administration. 7 Lab Clin Med 1980; 96: 928-32.","journal-title":"7 Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528509095834","article-title":"Gastric mucosal resistance to a repeated ethanol insult","volume":"1","author":"Lacy, E.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lacy ER. Gastric mucosal resistance to a repeated ethanol insult. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20 (suppl 1): 63-72.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"357","article-title":"Gastric adaptation to repeated administration of a necrotizing agent","volume-title":"Mechanism of injury protection and repair of the upper gastrointestinal tract","author":"Robert, A.; Lancaster, C.; Olafson, A.S.; Zhang, W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Robert A, Lancaster C, Olafson AS, Zhang W. Gastric adaptation to repeated administration of a necrotizing agent. In: Garner A, O'Brien PB, eds. Mechanism of injury protection and repair of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Chichester: Wiley, 1991: 357-70."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91502-U","article-title":"Effects of chronic superficial injury in the rat gastric mucosa","volume":"103","author":"Lacy, E.R.; Cowart, K.S.; Hund, P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lacy ER, Cowart KS, Hund P. Effects of chronic superficial injury in the rat gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1179-91.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"39","article-title":"Adaptation of the mucosa to stress. Role of prostaglandins and epidermal growth factor","volume":"193","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T.; Majka, J.; Drozdowicz, D.; Stachura, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Majka J, Drozdowicz D, Stachura J. Adaptation of the mucosa to stress. Role of prostaglandins and epidermal growth factor. Scand J Gastroenterology 1992; 27 (suppl 193): 39-45.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00052-2","volume":"21","author":"Prostaglandins, Wallace J.L.; N.S.A.I.D.; cytoprotection","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wallace JL. Prostaglandins, NSAID and cytoprotection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21: 631-41.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90118-H","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-association gastropathy: incidence and risk factor models","volume":"91","author":"Fries, J.F.; Williams, C.A.; Bloch, D.A.; Michel, B.A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fries JF, Williams CA, Bloch DA, Michel BA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-association gastropathy: incidence and risk factor models. Am J Med 1991; 91: 213-22.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy and cytoprotection: pathogenesis and mechanisms re-examined","volume":"192","author":"Wallace, J.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wallace JL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy and cytoprotection: pathogenesis and mechanisms re-examined. ScandJ7 Gastroenterol 1992; 192: 3-8."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"462","article-title":"Gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a neutrophil-dependent process","volume":"259","author":"Wallace, J.L.; Keenan, C.M.; Granger, D.N.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Wallace JL, Keenan CM, Granger DN. Gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a neutrophil-dependent process. Am J Physiol 1980; 259: 462-7.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90764-1","article-title":"Role of neutrophils and mucosal blood flow in gastric adaptation to aspirin","volume":"253","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T.; Stachura, J.; Majka, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Stachura J, Majka J. Role of neutrophils and mucosal blood flow in gastric adaptation to aspirin. EurJ Pharmacol 1994; 253: 107-14.","journal-title":"EurJ Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.9.1189","article-title":"Role of gastric blood flow, neutrophil infiltration and mucosal cell proliferation in gastric adaptation to aspirin in rats","volume":"35","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T.; Stachura, J.; Dembinski, A.; Majka, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Stachura J, Dembinski A, Majka J. Role of gastric blood flow, neutrophil infiltration and mucosal cell proliferation in gastric adaptation to aspirin in rats. Gut 1994; 35: 1189-96.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"347","article-title":"Nocloprost, a unique prostaglandin E2 analog with local gastroprotective and ulcer healing activity","author":"Konturek, P.K.; Brzozowski, T.; Drozdowciz, D.; Krzyzek, E.; Garlicki, J.; Majka, J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Konturek PK, Brzozowski T, Drozdowciz D, Krzyzek E, Garlicki J, Majka J, et al. Nocloprost, a unique prostaglandin E2 analog with local gastroprotective and ulcer healing activity. EurJtPharmacol 1991; 195: 347-53.","journal-title":"EurJtPharmacol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.5.628","article-title":"Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal and adult gastrointestinal tract","volume":"33","author":"Thomas, D.M.; Nasim, M.M.; Gullick, W.J.; Mr, Alison","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thomas DM, Nasim MM, Gullick WJ, Alison Mr. Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal and adult gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1992; 33: 628-31.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.5.587","article-title":"Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in esophageal diseases; correlation with transforming growth factor alpha expression","volume":"33","author":"Jankowski, J.; McMenemin, R.; Yu, C.; Hopwood, K.G.; Wormsley, K.G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jankowski J, McMenemin R, Yu C, Hopwood KG, Wormsley KG. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen in esophageal diseases; correlation with transforming growth factor alpha expression. Gut 1992; 33: 587-91.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"113","article-title":"Mild irritants prevent gastric necrosis through 'adaptive cytoprotection' mediated by prostaglandins","volume":"245","author":"Robert, A.; Nezamis, J.E.; Lancaster, C.; Dabis, J.P.; Field, S.; Hanchar, A.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Robert A, Nezamis JE, Lancaster C, Dabis JP, Field S, Hanchar AJ. Mild irritants prevent gastric necrosis through 'adaptive cytoprotection' mediated by prostaglandins. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: 113-21.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90235-X","article-title":"Cytoprotection by prostaglandins","volume":"77","author":"Robert, A.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Robert A. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins. Gastroenterology 1979; 77: 761-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01391740","article-title":"Role of locally generated prostaglandins in adaptive gastric cytoprotection","volume":"27","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T.; Piastucki, I.; Radecki, T.; Dembinski, A.; Dembinska-Kiec, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Piastucki I, Radecki T, Dembinski A, Dembinska-Kiec A. Role of locally generated prostaglandins in adaptive gastric cytoprotection. Dig Dis Sci 1982; 27: 967-71.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90519-4","article-title":"Evidence of 'cross-stressed' - induced adaptive gastric cytoprotection","volume":"41","author":"Glavin, G.; Lockhart, L.K.; Rockman, G.E.; Hall, A.M.; Kiernan, K.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Glavin G, Lockhart LK, Rockman GE, Hall AM, Kiernan KM. Evidence of 'cross-stressed' - induced adaptive gastric cytoprotection. Life Sci 1987; 41: 2223-7.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"287","article-title":"Gastric mucosal protection induced by restraint and water-immersion stress in rats.3pnJ Pharmacol","volume":"54","author":"Uramoto, H.; Ohno, T.; Ishthara, T.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Uramoto H, Ohno T, Ishthara T. Gastric mucosal protection induced by restraint and water-immersion stress in rats.3pnJ Pharmacol 1990; 54: 287-98."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_27","first-page":"32","article-title":"In vitro adaptive cytoprotection in gastric cells isolated from rat stomach. J7 Clin Gastroenterol","volume":"12","author":"Arakawa, T.; Nakamura, A.; Fukuda, T.; Higuchi, K.; Nakamura, H.; Kobayashi, K.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Arakawa T, Nakamura A, Fukuda T, Higuchi K, Nakamura H, Kobayashi K. In vitro adaptive cytoprotection in gastric cells isolated from rat stomach. J7 Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12 (suppl 1): 32-8."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.2.164","article-title":"Mucosal adaptation to indomethacin induced gastric damage in man - studies on morphology, blood flow, and prostaglandin E2 metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Shorrock, C.J.; Rees, W.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shorrock CJ, Rees WD. Mucosal adaptation to indomethacin induced gastric damage in man - studies on morphology, blood flow, and prostaglandin E2 metabolism. Gut 1992; 33: 164-9.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80245-X","article-title":"Effect of chronic aspirin ingestion on epithelial proliferation in rat funds, antrum and duodenum","volume":"82","author":"Eastwood, G.J.; Quimby, G.E.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Eastwood GJ, Quimby GE. Effect of chronic aspirin ingestion on epithelial proliferation in rat funds, antrum and duodenum. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 852-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and misoprostol on gastroduodenal epithelial","volume-title":"proliferation in arthritis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102","author":"Levi, S.; Goodlad, R.A.; Lee, C.Y.; Walport, M.J.; Wright, N.A.; Hodgson, H.J.","unstructured":"Levi S, Goodlad RA, Lee CY, Walport MJ, Wright NA, Hodgson HJ. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and misoprostol on gastroduodenal epithelial proliferation in arthritis. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1605-11."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(91)90047-K","article-title":"Role of salivary glands and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in gastric secretion and mucosal integrity in rats exposed to stress","volume":"32","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Brzozowski, T.; Konturek, P.K.; Majka, J.; Dembinski, A.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Brzozowski T, Konturek PK, Majka J, Dembinski A. Role of salivary glands and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in gastric secretion and mucosal integrity in rats exposed to stress. Regul Pept 1991; 32: 203-15.","journal-title":"Regul Pept"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209000134","article-title":"Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor in protection and healing of gastric mucosal injury","volume":"27","author":"Konturek, S.I.; Brzozowski, T.; Majka, I.; Dembinski, A.; Slomiany, A.; Slomiany, B.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Konturek SI, Brzozowski T, Majka I, Dembinski A, Slomiany A, Slomiany BL. Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor in protection and healing of gastric mucosal injury. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 649-55.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1992.tb01490.x","article-title":"Adaptation of rat gastric mucosa to repeated doses of non-salicylate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"7","author":"Skeljo, M.V.; Giraud, A.S.; Yeomans, N.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Skeljo MV, Giraud AS, Yeomans ND. Adaptation of rat gastric mucosa to repeated doses of non-salicylate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Gastroenterol-Hepatol 1992; 7: 586-90.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol-Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"222","article-title":"Gastric adaptation to aspirin (ASA) is non-specific and prostaglandin-independent","volume":"104","author":"Wallace, J.L.; McKnight, G.W.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wallace JL, McKnight GW. Gastric adaptation to aspirin (ASA) is non-specific and prostaglandin-independent. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: A222.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809093929","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor content of submandibular glands is increased in rats with experimentally induced gastric lesions","volume":"23","author":"Gysin, B.; Moller, R.K.; Otten, U.; Fischli, A.E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gysin B, Moller RK, Otten U, Fischli AE. Epidermal growth factor content of submandibular glands is increased in rats with experimentally induced gastric lesions. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 665-71.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/343082a0","article-title":"Induction of a novel epidermal growth factor secreting cell lineage by mucosal ulceration in human gastrointestinal stem cells","volume":"343","author":"Wright, N.A.; Pike, C.; Elia, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wright NA, Pike C, Elia G. Induction of a novel epidermal growth factor secreting cell lineage by mucosal ulceration in human gastrointestinal stem cells. Nature 1990; 343: 82-5.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307544","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor, polyamines and prostaglandins in healing of stress-induced gastric lesions in rats","volume":"38","author":"Brzozowski, T.; Konturek, S.J.; Majka, J.; Dembinski, A.; Drozdowicz, D.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Majka J, Dembinski A, Drozdowicz D. Epidermal growth factor, polyamines and prostaglandins in healing of stress-induced gastric lesions in rats. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 276-83.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"337","article-title":"Gastroprotective activity and receptor expression of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"6","author":"Brzozowski, T.; Majka, J.; Konturek, S.J.; Bielanski, W.; Slomiany, B.L.; Gamer, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brzozowski T, Majka J, Konturek SJ, Bielanski W, Slomiany BL, Gamer A. Gastroprotective activity and receptor expression of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 337-43.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"419","article-title":"Transforming growth factor alpha binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor in gastric mucosa","volume":"25","author":"Bielaniski, W.J.; Keogh, J.P.; Wang, S.L.; Lin, J.; Konturek, S.J.; Slomiany, A.; Slomiany, B.L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bielaniski WJ, Keogh JP, Wang SL, Lin J, Konturek SJ, Slomiany A, Slomiany BL. Transforming growth factor alpha binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor in gastric mucosa. Biochemistry International 1991; 25: 419-27.","journal-title":"Biochemistry International"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91703-7","article-title":"Increased production of transforming growth factor alpha following acute gastric injury","volume":"102","author":"Polk, W.H.; Dempsey, P.J.; Russell, W.E.; Brown, P.J.; Beanchamp, R.D.; Bernard, J.A.; Coffey, R.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Polk WH, Dempsey PJ, Russell WE, Brown PJ, Beanchamp RD, Bernard JA, Coffey RJ. Increased production of transforming growth factor alpha following acute gastric injury. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 1467-74.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.6.749","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T18:23:24Z","timestamp":1765650204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.37.6.749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.37.6.749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.37.6.749","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,12]]}}}