{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T12:31:42Z","timestamp":1774614702101,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.1.15","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:41:31Z","timestamp":1190151691000},"page":"15-18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Helicobacter pylori may induce bile reflux: link between H pylori and bile induced injury to gastric epithelium."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"S D","family":"Ladas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Katsogridakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Malamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Giannopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kesse-Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S A","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Ingestion of Campylobacter pylorides causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH","volume":"82","author":"Morris, A.; Nicholson, G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Morris A, Nicholson G. Ingestion of Campylobacter pylorides causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 192-9.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90126-J","article-title":"Hypothesis on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation","volume":"102","author":"Blaser, M.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blaser MJ. Hypothesis on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 720-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110173251603","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma","volume":"325","author":"Parsonnet, J.; Friedman, G.D.; Vandersteen, D.P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N EnglJ Med 1991; 325: 1127-31.","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.3.235","article-title":"Bile reflux and intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa","volume":"46","author":"Sobala, G.M.; O'Connor, H.J.; Dewar, E.P.; King, R.F.G.; Axon, A.T.R.; Dixon, M.F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sobala GM, O'Connor HJ, Dewar EP, King RFG, Axon ATR, Dixon MF. Bile reflux and intestinal metaplasia in gastric mucosa. Jf Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 235-40.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"591","article-title":"Effect pH on bile salt injury to mouse gastric mucosa","volume":"69","author":"Eastwood, G.L.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Eastwood GL. Effect pH on bile salt injury to mouse gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1975; 69: 591-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730509","article-title":"Intragastric bile acids and histological changes in gastric mucosa","volume":"73","author":"Houghton, P.W.J.; NJMcC, Mortensen; Thomas, W.E.G.; Cooper, M.J.; Morgan, A.P.; Burton, P.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Houghton PWJ, Mortensen NJMcC, Thomas WEG, Cooper MJ, Morgan AP, Burton P. Intragastric bile acids and histological changes in gastric mucosa. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 354-6.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.5.524","article-title":"Reflux gastritis: distinct histopathological entity?","volume":"39","author":"Dixon, M.F.; O'Connor, H.J.; Axon, A.T.R.; King, R.F.J.G.; Johnston, D.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dixon MF, O'Connor HJ, Axon ATR, King RFJG, Johnston D. Reflux gastritis: distinct histopathological entity? J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 524-30.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.5.531","article-title":"Campylobacter like organisms and reflux gastritis","volume":"39","author":"O'Connor, H.J.; Wyatt, J.I.; Dixon, M.F.; Axon, A.T.R.","year":"1986","unstructured":"O'Connor HJ, Wyatt JI, Dixon MF, Axon ATR. Campylobacter like organisms and reflux gastritis. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 531-4.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1387","volume":"40","author":"Tompkins, D.S.; pylori, West A.P.H.; acid; bile","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tompkins DS, West AP. H pylori, acid and bile. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 1387.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"188","article-title":"Campylobacter pylori and duodenogastric reflux in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis","volume":"i:","author":"Karttunen, T.; Niemela, S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Karttunen T, Niemela S. Campylobacter pylori and duodenogastric reflux in peptic ulcer disease and gastritis. Lancet 1988; i: 188-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.11.1552","article-title":"Prospective comparative study of the influence of postoperative bile reflux on gastric mucosal histology and Campylobacter pylori infection","volume":"30","author":"Offerhaus, G.J.A.; Rieu, P.N.M.A.; Jansen, J.B.M.J.; Joosten, H.J.M.; Lamers, C.B.H.W.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Offerhaus GJA, Rieu PNMA, Jansen JBMJ, Joosten HJM, Lamers CBHW. Prospective comparative study of the influence of postoperative bile reflux on gastric mucosal histology and Campylobacter pylori infection. Gut 1989; 30: 1552-7.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00533.x","article-title":"The effect of bile acids on the growth and adherence of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"5","author":"Mathai, E.; Arora, A.; Cafferkey, M.; Keane, C.T.; O'Morain, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mathai E, Arora A, Cafferkey M, Keane CT, O'Morain C. The effect of bile acids on the growth and adherence of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 1991; 5: 653-68.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therap"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_13","first-page":"79","article-title":"The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to bile may be an obstacle to faecal transmission. EurJ'","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell, H.M.; Li, Y.; Hu, P.; Hazell, S.L.; Du, G.; Byrne, D.J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mitchell HM, Li Y, Hu P, Hazell SL, Du G, Byrne DJ, et al. The susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to bile may be an obstacle to faecal transmission. EurJ' Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 4 (suppl 1): S79-83.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"796","article-title":"Clinical value of endoscopy and histology in the diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux disease","volume":"112","author":"Stein, H.J.; Smyrk, T.C.; DeMeester, T.R.; Rouse, J.; Hinder, R.A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stein HJ, Smyrk TC, DeMeester TR, Rouse J, Hinder RA. Clinical value of endoscopy and histology in the diagnosis of duodenogastric reflux disease. Surgery 1992; 112: 796-803.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"215","article-title":"Biochemical and histopathological aspects in duodenogastric reflux gastritis patients with or without prior cholecystectomy","volume":"56","author":"Scalon, P.; DiMario, F.; Del Favero, G.; Meggiato, T.; Rugge, M.; Baffa, R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Scalon P, DiMario F, Del Favero G, Meggiato T, Rugge M, Baffa R, et al. Biochemical and histopathological aspects in duodenogastric reflux gastritis patients with or without prior cholecystectomy. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1993; 56: 215-8.","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_16","first-page":"115","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori therapy randomized study of DeNolUantibiotic combinations","volume":"78","author":"Lambert, JR, Lin; SK, Schembri; M, Nicholson; L, Korman; M.G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lambert JR, Lin SK, Schembri M, Nicholson L, Korman MG. Helicobacter pylori therapy randomized study of DeNolUantibiotic combinations. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1990; 78 (suppl 1): 115-6 (abstract).","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92111-E","article-title":"One week eradication regimen for Helicobacter pylori","volume":"338","author":"Logan, R.P.H.; Gummett, P.A.; Misiewicz, J.J.; Karim, Q.N.; Walker, M.M.; Baron, J.H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Logan RPH, Gummett PA, Misiewicz JJ, Karim QN, Walker MM, Baron JH. One week eradication regimen for Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1991; 338: 1249-52.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"200","article-title":"Blincow ED. Rapid urease test in the management of Campylobacter pyloridis-associated gastritis","volume":"82","author":"Marshall, B.J.; Warren, JR, Francis; GJ, SR, Langton; Goodwin, C.S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Marshall BJ, Warren JR, Francis GJ, Langton SR, Goodwin CS, Blincow ED. Rapid urease test in the management of Campylobacter pyloridis-associated gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1987; 82: 200-10.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.8.1058","article-title":"Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test: an assessment in 1445 patients","volume":"30","author":"McNulty, C.A.M.; Dent, J.C.; Off, J.C.; Gear, M.W.L.; Wilkinson, S.P.","year":"1989","unstructured":"McNulty CAM, Dent JC, Off JC, Gear MWL, Wilkinson SP. Detection of Campylobacter pylori by the biopsy urease test: an assessment in 1445 patients. Gut 1989; 30: 1058-62.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528009181529","article-title":"A simple method for quantification of biliary reflux","volume":"15","author":"Nicolai, J.J.; Silberbusch, J.; van Roon, F.; Schopman, W.V.D.; Berg, J.W.D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Nicolai JJ, Silberbusch J, van Roon F, Schopman WVD, Berg JWD. A simple method for quantification of biliary reflux. ScandJ Gastroenterol 1980; 15: 775-80.","journal-title":"ScandJ Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"Statistical methods in medical research","author":"Armitage, P.; Berry, G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Armitage P, Berry G. Statistical methods in medical research. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell, 1987.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"241","article-title":"Increased reflux of bile into the stomach in patients with","volume-title":"gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology 1969; 57","author":"Rhodes, J.; Bernardo, D.E.; Phillips, S.F.; Rovelstad, R.A.; Hofmann, A.F.","unstructured":"Rhodes J, Bernardo DE, Phillips SF, Rovelstad RA, Hofmann AF. Increased reflux of bile into the stomach in patients with gastric ulcer. Gastroenterology 1969; 57: 241-52."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.15.9.710","article-title":"Lysolecithin: a factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration?","volume":"15","author":"Johnson, A.G.; McDermott, S.J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Johnson AG, McDermott SJ. Lysolecithin: a factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration? Gut 1974; 15: 710-3.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912073212302","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons","volume":"321","author":"Dooley, C.P.; Fitzgibbons, P.L.; Cohen, H.; Appleman, M.D.; Perez-Perez, G.I.; Blaster, M.J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dooley CP, Fitzgibbons PL, Cohen H, Appleman MD, Perez-Perez GI, Blaster MJ. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons. NEnglJMed 1989; 321: 1562-6.","journal-title":"NEnglJMed"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.4.626","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation","volume":"161","author":"Blaser, M.J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 626-33.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91460-5","article-title":"Duodenal ulcer healing by eradication of Helicobacter pylori without anti-acid treatment: randomized controlled trial","volume":"343","author":"Hosking, S.W.; Ling, K.W.; Chung, S.C.S.; Yung, M.Y.; Cheng, F.B.; Sung, J.J.Y.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hosking SW, Ling KW, Chung SCS, Yung MY, Cheng FB, Sung JJY, et al. Duodenal ulcer healing by eradication of Helicobacter pylori without anti-acid treatment: randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1994; 343: 508-10.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1.15","article-title":"One week's anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment for duodenal ulcer","volume":"35","author":"Logan, R.P.H.; Gummett, P.A.; Misiewicz, J.J.; Karim, Q.N.; Walker, M.M.; Baron, J.H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Logan RPH, Gummett PA, Misiewicz JJ, Karim QN, Walker MM, Baron JH. One week's anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment for duodenal ulcer. Gut 1994; 35: 15-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01963941","article-title":"Sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori to different bile salts","volume":"10","author":"Hanninen, M.L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hanninen ML. Sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori to different bile salts. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 518-8.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"594","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and duode-nogastric reflux gastritis after gastric operations","volume":"176","author":"Robles-Campos, R.; Lujan-Mompean, J.A.; Parrilla-Paricio, P.; Bermejo-Lopez, J.; Lizon-Ruiz, R.; Torralba-Martinez, J.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robles-Campos R, Lujan-Mompean JA, Parrilla-Paricio P, Bermejo-Lopez J, Lizon-Ruiz R, Torralba-Martinez JA, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and duode-nogastric reflux gastritis after gastric operations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993; 176: 594-8.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.41.12.1313","article-title":"Retrospective study of Campylobacter-like organisms in patients undergoing partial gastrectomy","volume":"41","author":"Loffeld, R.J.L.F.; Loffeld, B.C.A.; Arends, J.W.; Flendrig, J.A.; Van Spreeuwel, J.P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Loffeld RJLF, Loffeld BCA, Arends JW, Flendrig JA, Van Spreeuwel JP. Retrospective study of Campylobacter-like organisms in patients undergoing partial gastrectomy. Jf Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 1313-5.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91504-7","article-title":"Effect of Roux-enY biiary diversion on Campylobacter pylori","volume":"97","author":"O'Connor, H.J.; Newbold, K.N.; Alexander-Williams, J.; Thompson, H.; Drumm, J.; Donovan, I.A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"O'Connor HJ, Newbold KN, Alexander-Williams J, Thompson H, Drumm J, Donovan IA. Effect of Roux-enY biiary diversion on Campylobacter pylori. Gastroenterologjy 1989; 97: 958-64.","journal-title":"Gastroenterologjy"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92816-X","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric somatostatin in duodenal ulcer disease","volume":"340","author":"Moss, S.F.; Legon, S.; Bishop, A.E.; Polak, J.M.; Calam, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Moss SF, Legon S, Bishop AE, Polak JM, Calam J. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric somatostatin in duodenal ulcer disease. Lancet 1992; 340: 930-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Campylobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer: the gastrin link","volume":"i:","author":"Levi, S.; Beardshall, K.; Playford, R.; Ghosh, P.; Haddad, G.; Calam, J.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Levi S, Beardshall K, Playford R, Ghosh P, Haddad G, Calam J. Campylobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer: the gastrin link. Lancet 1989; i: 1167-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92077-2","article-title":"Pyloric reflux and G-cell hyperfunction","volume":"ii:","author":"Calam, J.; Tracy, H.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Calam J, Tracy HJ. Pyloric reflux and G-cell hyperfunction. Lancet 1980; ii: 918.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.1.15","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T23:53:23Z","timestamp":1708214003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.1.15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.1.15","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,1,1]]}}}