{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T21:41:11Z","timestamp":1768081271593,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND--The mechanisms of aspirin induced gastroduodenal injury are not fully understood. Aspirin induces the release of reactive oxygen metabolites in animal models, which may contribute to mucosal injury. AIMS--To investigate the effects of aspirin administered with placebo or antioxidants on gastric mucosal reactive oxygen metabolite release and gastroduodenal injury in human volunteers. SUBJECTS--Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in the study (seven male; mean age 27 years, range 20-40). METHODS--In a double blind, randomised, crossover study, volunteers received aspirin 900 mg twice daily and either placebo, allopurinol 100 mg twice daily, sulphasalazine 1 g twice daily or vitamin C 1 g twice daily for three days. Injury was assessed endoscopically and by quantifying mucosal reactive oxygen metabolite release by measuring chemiluminescence before and after each treatment. The effect on prostanoids was determined by measuring ex vivo antral prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis and serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2). RESULTS--No drug reduced any parameter of gastric injury but vitamin C reduced duodenal injury assessed by Lanza score (p &lt; 0.005). Chemiluminescence increased after aspirin both with placebo (p &lt; 0.05) and vitamin C (p &lt; 0.05). Post-treatment chemiluminescence was lower in subjects taking allopurinol (p &lt; 0.05) or sulphasalazine (p &lt; 0.005) than in those taking placebo with aspirin. CONCLUSIONS--In this study, aspirin induced gastric injury was associated with reactive oxygen metabolite release. This was reduced by sulphasalazine and allopurinol, although macroscopic injury was not affected. Vitamin C, however, was shown to have a previously unrecognised protective effect against aspirin induced duodenal injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"518-524","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of allopurinol, sulphasalazine, and vitamin C on aspirin induced gastroduodenal injury in human volunteers."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"M E","family":"McAlindon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A F","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Filipowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Hawkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90487-8","article-title":"Gastric adaptation: studies in humans during continuous aspirin administration","volume":"95","author":"Graham, D.Y.; Lacey Smith, J.; Spjut, H.J.; Torres, E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Graham DY, Lacey Smith J, Spjut HJ, Torres E. Gastric adaptation: studies in humans during continuous aspirin administration. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 327-33.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00271.x","article-title":"Review article: aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"8","author":"Hawkey, C.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hawkey CJ. Review article: aspirin and gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8: 141-6.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"462","article-title":"Gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a neutrophil-dependent process","volume":"259","author":"Wallace, J.L.; Keenan, C.M.; Granger, D.N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wallace JL, Keenan CM, Granger DN. Gastric ulceration induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is a neutrophil-dependent process. Am Jf Physiol 1990; 259: G462-7.","journal-title":"Am Jf Physiol"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"470","article-title":"Role of oxygenderived free radicals in indomethacin-induced gastric injury","volume":"261","author":"Vaananen, P.M.; Meddings, J.B.; Wallace, J.L.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vaananen PM, Meddings JB, Wallace JL. Role of oxygenderived free radicals in indomethacin-induced gastric injury. AmJ3tPhysiol 1991; 261: G470-5.","journal-title":"AmJ3tPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(85)80075-5","article-title":"Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric lesions in the rat","volume":"88","author":"Itoh, M.; Guth, P.H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Itoh M, Guth PH. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric lesions in the rat. GascroeneerologAy 1985; 88: 1162-7.","journal-title":"GascroeneerologAy"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"362","article-title":"Wadhwa 5, Parks DA, Pickard W, Granger DN. Role of oxygen radicals in ischemia-induced lesions","volume-title":"the cat stomach. Gastroenterology 1986; 90","author":"Perry, M.A.","unstructured":"Perry MA, Wadhwa 5, Parks DA, Pickard W, Granger DN. Role of oxygen radicals in ischemia-induced lesions in the cat stomach. Gastroenterology 1986; 90: 362-7."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199111000-00005","article-title":"Gastric mucosal cytoprotection in the rat by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals","volume":"302","author":"Salim, A.S.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Salim AS. Gastric mucosal cytoprotection in the rat by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. Am J Med Sci 1991; 302: 287-91.","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(85)80009-X","article-title":"Focal gastric mucosal blood flow at the site of aspirin-induced ulceration","volume":"149","author":"Ashley, S.W.; Sonnenschein, L.A.; Cheung, L.Y.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ashley SW, Sonnenschein LA, Cheung LY. Focal gastric mucosal blood flow at the site of aspirin-induced ulceration. Am Jf Surg 1985; 149: 53-9.","journal-title":"Am Jf Surg"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198704000-00010","article-title":"Focal gastric mucosal blood flow in aspirin-induced ulceration","volume":"205","author":"Gana, T.J.; Huholewych, R.; Koo, J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gana TJ, Huholewych R, Koo J. Focal gastric mucosal blood flow in aspirin-induced ulceration. Ann Surg 1987; 205: 399-403.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296666","article-title":"Free radicals and lipid peroxidation in ethanolor aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury","volume":"32","author":"Pihan, G.; Regillo, C.; Szabo, S.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Pihan G, Regillo C, Szabo S. Free radicals and lipid peroxidation in ethanolor aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 1395-401.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.9.1181","article-title":"A novel antiulcerogenic stable radical prevents gastric mucosal lesions in rats","volume":"35","author":"Rachmilewitz, D.; Karmeli, F.; Okon, E.; Samuni, A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rachmilewitz D, Karmeli F, Okon E, Samuni A. A novel antiulcerogenic stable radical prevents gastric mucosal lesions in rats. Gut 1994; 35: 1181-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.6.732","article-title":"Role of active oxygen, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by indomethacin in rats","volume":"34","author":"Yoshikawa, T.; Naito, Y.; Kishi, A.; Tomii, T.; Kaneko, T.; Iinuma, S.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yoshikawa T, Naito Y, Kishi A, Tomii T, Kaneko T, Iinuma S, et al. Role of active oxygen, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by indomethacin in rats. Gut 1993; 34: 732-7.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"484","article-title":"A new approach to the treatment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced gastric bleeding by free radical scavengers","volume":"175","author":"Salim, A.S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Salim AS. A new approach to the treatment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced gastric bleeding by free radical scavengers. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 175: 484-90.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007173030305","article-title":"Endoscopic evaluation of the effects of aspirin, buffered aspirin and enteric-coated aspirin on gastric and duodenal mucosa","volume":"303","author":"Lanza, F.L.; Roger, G.L.; Nelson, R.S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lanza FL, Roger GL, Nelson RS. Endoscopic evaluation of the effects of aspirin, buffered aspirin and enteric-coated aspirin on gastric and duodenal mucosa. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 136-8.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0810565","article-title":"Separation of the impairment of haemostasis by aspirin from mucosal injury in the human stomach","volume":"81","author":"Hawkey, C.J.; Hawthorne, A.B.; Hudson, N.; Cole, A.T.; Mahida, Y.R.; Daneshmend, T.K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hawkey CJ, Hawthorne AB, Hudson N, Cole AT, Mahida YR, Daneshmend TK. Separation of the impairment of haemostasis by aspirin from mucosal injury in the human stomach. Clin Sci 1991; 81: 565-73.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.4.1589","article-title":"Mechanism of the luminoldependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils","volume":"129","author":"DeChatelet, L.R.; Long, G.D.; Shirley, P.S.; Bass, D.A.; Thomas, M.J.; Henderson, F.W.","year":"1982","unstructured":"DeChatelet LR, Long GD, Shirley PS, Bass DA, Thomas MJ, Henderson FW, et al. Mechanism of the luminoldependent chemiluminescence of human neutrophils. JImmunol 1982; 129: 1589-93.","journal-title":"JImmunol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(88)80915-3","article-title":"A time-course study on superoxide generation and protein kinase C activation in human neutrophils","volume":"239","author":"Christiansen, N.O.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Christiansen NO. A time-course study on superoxide generation and protein kinase C activation in human neutrophils. FEBS Lett 1988; 239: 195-8.","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"449","article-title":"C-reactive protein selectively enhances the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen products by IgG-stimulated monocytes and neutrophils","volume":"52","author":"Zeller, J.M.; Sullivan, B.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zeller JM, Sullivan BL. C-reactive protein selectively enhances the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen products by IgG-stimulated monocytes and neutrophils. JLeuk Biol 1992; 52: 449-55.","journal-title":"JLeuk Biol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90444-6","article-title":"Effect of aspirin plus hydrochloric acid on the gastric mucosal microcirculation","volume":"93","author":"Kitahora, T.; Guth, P.H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kitahora T, Guth PH. Effect of aspirin plus hydrochloric acid on the gastric mucosal microcirculation. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 810-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"495","article-title":"Allopurinol protects rat gastric mucosa against acute indomethacin-induced erosions and ulceration","volume":"(suppl):","author":"Sallie, R.W.; Swanson, N.R.; Reed, W.D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sallie RW, Swanson NR, Reed WD. Allopurinol protects rat gastric mucosa against acute indomethacin-induced erosions and ulceration. Aust NZJrMed 1987; 17 (suppl): 495.","journal-title":"Aust NZJrMed"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.2.164","article-title":"Mucosal adaptation to indomethacin-induced gastric damage in man - studies on morphology, blood flow, and prostaglandin E2 metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Shorrock, C.J.; Rees, W.D.W.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shorrock CJ, Rees WDW. Mucosal adaptation to indomethacin-induced gastric damage in man - studies on morphology, blood flow, and prostaglandin E2 metabolism. Gut 1992; 33: 164-9.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"267","article-title":"Effect of carprofen and indomethacin on gastric function, mucosal integrity and generation of prostaglandins in men","volume":"29","author":"Konturek, S.J.; Kwiecien, N.; Obtulowitz, W.; Kiec-Dembinska, A.; Polanski, M.; Kopp, B.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Konturek SJ, Kwiecien N, Obtulowitz W, Kiec-Dembinska A, Polanski M, Kopp B, et al. Effect of carprofen and indomethacin on gastric function, mucosal integrity and generation of prostaglandins in men. Hepatogastroenterology 1982; 29: 267-70.","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02024142","article-title":"Comparative pharmacology of a 1: 10 combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate","volume":"9","author":"Ezer, E.; Palosi, E.; Haj6s, G.; Szporny, L.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ezer E, Palosi E, Haj6s G, Szporny L. Comparative pharmacology of a 1: 10 combination of indomethacin-sodium salicylate. Agents Actions 1979; 9: 117-23.","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1978.tb13214.x","article-title":"Inhibitors of gastric lesions in the rat","volume":"30","author":"Hayden, U.; Thomas, G.; West, G.B.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hayden U, Thomas G, West GB. Inhibitors of gastric lesions in the rat. Y Pharm Pharmacol 1978; 30: 244-6.","journal-title":"Y Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"610","article-title":"Reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal blood loss by sodium salicylate in man","volume":"16","author":"Torgyan, S.; Ady, E.; Wagner, L.; Neumann, T.; Beres, G.; Csanyi, M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Torgyan S, Ady E, Wagner L, Neumann T, Beres G, Csanyi M. Reduction of indomethacin-induced gastrointestinal blood loss by sodium salicylate in man. Int rClin Pharmacol Biopharm 1978; 16: 610-1.","journal-title":"Int rClin Pharmacol Biopharm"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"465","article-title":"Sulphasalazine and PhCL28A inhibit the formation of ethanoland phenylbutazone-induced rat gastric ulcers: lack of involement of endogenous prostaglandins?","volume":"93","author":"Berry, C.N.; Prouteau, M.; Lloyd, K.G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Berry CN, Prouteau M, Lloyd KG. Sulphasalazine and PhCL28A inhibit the formation of ethanoland phenylbutazone-induced rat gastric ulcers: lack of involement of endogenous prostaglandins? BrJPharmacol 1988; 93: 465-72.","journal-title":"BrJPharmacol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1987.tb11292.x","article-title":"The protective effects of sulphasalazine against ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats","volume":"92","author":"Cho, C.H.; Ogle, C.W.; Sevilla, E.L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cho CH, Ogle CW, Sevilla EL. The protective effects of sulphasalazine against ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats. BrJ Pharmacol 1987; 92: 31-7.","journal-title":"BrJ Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01982878","article-title":"Indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers in rats: effects of salicylazosulfapyridine and dexamethasone","volume":"16","author":"P, Del Soldato; D, Foschi; L, Varin; S, Daniotti","year":"1985","unstructured":"Del Soldato P, Foschi D, Varin L, Daniotti S. Indomethacin-induced intestinal ulcers in rats: effects of salicylazosulfapyridine and dexamethasone. Agents Actions 1985; 16: 393-6.","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80071-1","article-title":"Salicylic acid blocks indomethacinand aspirin-induced cyclo-oxygenase inhibition in rat gastric mucosa","volume":"83","author":"Ligumski, M.; Hansen, D.G.; Kauffman, G.L.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ligumski M, Hansen DG, Kauffman GL. Salicylic acid blocks indomethacinand aspirin-induced cyclo-oxygenase inhibition in rat gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 1043-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(70)90147-4","article-title":"Comparative effects of salicylic acid, phenylbutazone, probenecid, and other anions on the metabolism, distribution, and excretion of indomethacin by rats","volume":"19","author":"Yesair, D.W.; Callahan, M.; Remington, L.; Kensler, C.J.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Yesair DW, Callahan M, Remington L, Kensler CJ. Comparative effects of salicylic acid, phenylbutazone, probenecid, and other anions on the metabolism, distribution, and excretion of indomethacin by rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19: 1591-600.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1162","article-title":"Clinical evidence supporting the radical scavenger mechanism","volume-title":"of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Gastroenterology 1990","volume":"98","author":"Ahnfelt-Ronne, I.; Nielsen, O.H.; Christensen, A.; Langholz, E.; Binder, V.; Riis, P.","unstructured":"Ahnfelt-Ronne I, Nielsen OH, Christensen A, Langholz E, Binder V, Riis P. Clinical evidence supporting the radical scavenger mechanism of 5-aminosalicylic acid. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1162-9."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sulfasalazine metabolites and dapsone attenuate formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine-induced mucosal injury","volume-title":"rat ileum. Gastroenterology 1989; 96","volume":"81","author":"C, Von Ritter; MB, Grisham; DN, Granger","unstructured":"Von Ritter C, Grisham MB, Granger DN. Sulfasalazine metabolites and dapsone attenuate formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine-induced mucosal injury in rat ileum. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 81 1-6."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(87)90262-0","article-title":"Inhibition of neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production by sulfasalazine: comparison with 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulphapyridine and olsalazine","volume":"36","author":"Neal, T.M.; Cc, Winterbourn; Vissers, M.C.M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Neal TM, Winterbourn Cc, Vissers MCM. Inhibition of neutrophil degranulation and superoxide production by sulfasalazine: comparison with 5-aminosalicylic acid, sulphapyridine and olsalazine. Biochem Pharmnacol 1987; 36: 2765-8.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmnacol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02090074","article-title":"Superoxide inhibition following different stimuli of respiratory burst and metabolism of aminosalicylates in neutrophils","volume":"39","author":"U, Bohne P.; J, Retey; W, Kruis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Allgayer H, Rang 5, Klotz U, Bohne P, Retey J, Kruis W, et al. Superoxide inhibition following different stimuli of respiratory burst and metabolism of aminosalicylates in neutrophils. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 145-51.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529309098261","article-title":"Effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid and analagous substances on superoxide generation and intracellular free calcium in human neutrophilic granulocytes","volume":"28","author":"Nielson, O.H.; Bouchelouche, P.N.; Berild, D.; Ahnfelt-R0nne, I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nielson OH, Bouchelouche PN, Berild D, Ahnfelt-R0nne I. Effect of 5-aminosalicylic acid and analagous substances on superoxide generation and intracellular free calcium in human neutrophilic granulocytes. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 527-32.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300752","article-title":"Scavenger effect of sulfasalazine, 5aminosalicylic acid, and olsalazine on superoxide radical generation","volume":"36","author":"Gionchetti, P.; Guarnieri, C.; Campieri, M.; Belluzzi, A.; Brignola, C.; Iannone, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gionchetti P, Guarnieri C, Campieri M, Belluzzi A, Brignola C, Iannone P, et al. Scavenger effect of sulfasalazine, 5aminosalicylic acid, and olsalazine on superoxide radical generation. Dig Dis Sc 1991; 36: 174-8.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sc"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"253","article-title":"Phagocytes, toxic oxygen metabolites and inflammatory bowel disease: implications for treatment","volume":"72","author":"Williams, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Williams G. Phagocytes, toxic oxygen metabolites and inflammatory bowel disease: implications for treatment. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1990; 72: 253-62.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5578.516","article-title":"Ascorbic acid nutrition in gastroduodenal disorders","volume":"4","author":"Cohen, M.M.; Duncan, A.M.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Cohen MM, Duncan AM. Ascorbic acid nutrition in gastroduodenal disorders. BMJ 1967; 4: 516-8.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"603","article-title":"Ascorbic acid levels in leucocytes of patients with gastrointestinal haemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"Russell, R.I.; Williamson, J.M.; Goldberg, A.; Wares, E.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Russell RI, Williamson JM, Goldberg A, Wares E. Ascorbic acid levels in leucocytes of patients with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet 1968; 2: 603-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)90699-5","article-title":"Effect of aspirin on the gastric mucosa of guineapigs on a scorbutogenic diet","volume":"ii:","author":"Russell, R.I.; Goldberg, A.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Russell RI, Goldberg A. Effect of aspirin on the gastric mucosa of guineapigs on a scorbutogenic diet. Lancet 1968; ii: 606-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91441-3","article-title":"Effect ofaspirin ingestion on ascorbicacid levels in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"i:","author":"Sahud, M.A.; Cohen, R.J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Sahud MA, Cohen RJ. Effect ofaspirin ingestion on ascorbicacid levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1971; i: 937-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"275","article-title":"Influence of drugs on bioavailability of vitamin C","volume":"1981","author":"Basu, T.K.","unstructured":"Basu TK. Influence of drugs on bioavailability of vitamin C. In: Counsell JN, Hornig DH, eds. Vitamin C. London: Applied Science, 1981: 275-81.","journal-title":"London: Applied Science"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1119","article-title":"Action of ascorbic acid as a scavenger of active and stable oxygen radicals","volume":"54","author":"Niki, E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Niki E. Action of ascorbic acid as a scavenger of active and stable oxygen radicals. AmJrClin Nutr 1991; 54: 1119-24S.","journal-title":"AmJrClin Nutr"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0760237","article-title":"Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice","volume":"76","author":"Rathbone, B.J.; Johnson, A.W.; Wyatt, J.I.; Kelleher, J.; Heatley, R.V.; Losowsky, M.S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rathbone BJ, Johnson AW, Wyatt JI, Kelleher J, Heatley RV, Losowsky MS. Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice. Clin SCi 1989; 76: 237-41.","journal-title":"Clin SCi"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"480","article-title":"The effects of aspirin on the metabolic availability of ascorbic acid in human beings","volume":"13","author":"Loh, H.S.; Wilson, C.W.M.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Loh HS, Wilson CWM. The effects of aspirin on the metabolic availability of ascorbic acid in human beings. Jf Cell Pharmacol 1973; 13: 480-6.","journal-title":"Jf Cell Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1975.tb01426.x","article-title":"The interactions of aspirin and ascorbic acid in normal men","volume":"15","author":"Loh, H.S.; Wilson, C.W.M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Loh HS, Wilson CWM. The interactions of aspirin and ascorbic acid in normal men. Jf Clin Pharmacol 1975; 15: 36-45.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_47","first-page":"19","article-title":"Ascorbic acid concentrations in plasma, gastric juice and gastrointestinal mucosa. Effects of gastritis and oral supplementation","volume":"35","author":"Waring, A.; Drake, I.M.; Schorah, C.; Axon, A.T.R.; White, K.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Waring A, Drake IM, Schorah C, Axon ATR, White K. Ascorbic acid concentrations in plasma, gastric juice and gastrointestinal mucosa. Effects of gastritis and oral supplementation. Gut 1994; 35 (suppl 2): S19.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"544","article-title":"Ascorbic acid supplementation in the treatment of pressure sores","volume":"ii:","author":"Taylor, T.V.; Rimmer, S.; Day, B.; Butcher, J.; Dymock, I.W.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Taylor TV, Rimmer S, Day B, Butcher J, Dymock IW. Ascorbic acid supplementation in the treatment of pressure sores. Lancet 1974; ii: 544-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"952","article-title":"Active transport of L-ascorbic acid","volume-title":"the human ileum. Gastroenterology","volume":"67","author":"Stevenson, N.R.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Stevenson NR. Active transport of L-ascorbic acid in the human ileum. Gastroenterology 1974; 67: 952-6."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"374","article-title":"Ascorbic acid flux across mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum","volume":"233","author":"Mellors, A.J.; Nahrwold, D.L.; Rose, R.C.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Mellors AJ, Nahrwold DL, Rose RC. Ascorbic acid flux across mucosal border of guinea pig and human ileum. AmJPhysiol 1977; 233: E374-9.","journal-title":"AmJPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.18.3.187","article-title":"Effect of aspirin on intestinal absorption of glucose, sodium, and water in man","volume":"18","author":"Arvanitakis, C.; Chen, G.-H.; Folscroft, J.; Greenberger, N.J.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Arvanitakis C, Chen G-H, Folscroft J, Greenberger NJ. Effect of aspirin on intestinal absorption of glucose, sodium, and water in man. Gut 1977; 18: 187-90.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"461","article-title":"Dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid transort systems in the guinea pig ileum","volume":"250","author":"Bianchi, J.; Wilson, F.A.; Rose, R.C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bianchi J, Wilson FA, Rose RC. Dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid transort systems in the guinea pig ileum. Am JPhysiol 1986; 250: G461-8.","journal-title":"Am JPhysiol"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"824","article-title":"Intestinal transport and metabolism of oxidised ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid)","volume":"254","author":"Rose, R.C.; Choi, J.-L.; Koch, M.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rose RC, Choi J-L, Koch MJ. Intestinal transport and metabolism of oxidised ascorbic acid (dehydroascorbic acid). AmJ7 Physiol 1988; 254: G824-8.","journal-title":"AmJ7 Physiol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1991.tb07407.x","article-title":"Vitamin C: newer insights into its biochemical functions","volume":"49","author":"Padh, H.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Padh H. Vitamin C: newer insights into its biochemical functions. Nutr Rev 1991; 49: 65-9.","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194009052231001","article-title":"Experimental human scurvy","volume":"223","author":"Crandon JH, Lund CC, Dill DB","year":"1940","unstructured":"Crandon JH, Lund CC, Dill DB. Experimental human scurvy. NEnglJ'Med 1940; 223: 353.","journal-title":"NEnglJ'Med"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1975.tb03085.x","article-title":"High dose ascorbic acid in the management of thalassaemia leg ulcers - a pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Afifi, A.M.; Ellis, L.; Huntsman, R.G.; Said, M.I.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Afifi AM, Ellis L, Huntsman RG, Said MI. High dose ascorbic acid in the management of thalassaemia leg ulcers - a pilot study. Br J Dermatol 1975; 92: 339-41.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T09:10:21Z","timestamp":1765617021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.38.4.518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.518","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}}}