{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T18:45:10Z","timestamp":1791053110890,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND--The short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate provides energy for colonocytes, stimulates colonic fluid and electrolyte absorption and is recognised as an effective treatment for multiple types of colitis. AIM--To examine the impact of butyrate enema therapy on the clinical course, severity of inflammation, and SCFA stimulated Na+ absorption in a chronic experimental colitis. METHODS--Distal colitis was induced in rats with a trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) enema. Five days after induction, rats were divided into groups to receive: no treatment, saline enemas, or 100 mM Na-butyrate enemas daily. On day 24, colonic damage score and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluated. Colon was mounted in Ussing chambers and Na+ transport and electrical activities were measured during a basal period and after stimulation with 25 mM butyrate. RESULTS--In the untreated and the saline enema treated TNBS groups, diarrhoea and extensive colonic damage were seen, associated with increased tissue MPO activities and absent butyrate stimulated Na+ absorption. In contrast, in the butyrate enema treated TNBS group, diarrhoea ceased, colonic damage score improved, and tissue MPO activity as well as butyrate stimulated Na+ absorption recovered to control values. CONCLUSION--Butyrate enema therapy stimulated colonic repair, as evidenced by clinical recovery, decreased inflammation, and restoration of SCFA stimulated electrolyte absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"568-573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Butyrate enema therapy stimulates mucosal repair in experimental colitis in the rat."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"J D","family":"Butzner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"787","article-title":"Volatile fatty acids: their production, absorption, utilization, and roles in human health","volume":"15","author":"Fleming, S.E.; Arce, D.S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fleming SE, Arce DS. Volatile fatty acids: their production, absorption, utilization, and roles in human health. Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 15: 787-814.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1159\/000171266","article-title":"Bacterial short chain fatty acids: their role in gastrointestinal disease","volume":"8","author":"Ramakrishna, B.A.; Roediger, W.E.W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ramakrishna BA, Roediger WEW. Bacterial short chain fatty acids: their role in gastrointestinal disease. Dig Dis 1990; 8: 337-45.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1_Suppl.S35","article-title":"Effects of short chain fatty acids on gut morphology and function","volume":"35","author":"Scheppach, W.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Scheppach W. Effects of short chain fatty acids on gut morphology and function. Gut 1994; 35 (suppl 1): S35-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1990.70.2.567","article-title":"Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species","volume":"70","author":"Bergman, E.N.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bergman EN. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol Rev 1989; 70: 567-90.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90601-7","article-title":"Kinetic studies on the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and glucose by isolated rat colonocytes","volume":"106","author":"Clausen, M.R.; Mortensen, P.B.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Clausen MR, Mortensen PB. Kinetic studies on the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and glucose by isolated rat colonocytes. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 423-32.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.21.9.793","article-title":"Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man","volume":"21","author":"Roediger, W.E.W.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Roediger WEW. Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man. Gut 1980; 21: 793-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"109","article-title":"Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"13","author":"Kripke, S.A.; Fox, A.D.; Berman, J.M.; Settle, R.G.; Rombeau, J.L.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kripke SA, Fox AD, Berman JM, Settle RG, Rombeau JL. Stimulation of intestinal mucosal growth with intracolonic infusion of short-chain fatty acids. J7PEN 1989; 13: 109-16."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"43","article-title":"The effect of short-chain fatty acids on the human colonic mucosa in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Scheppach, W.; Bartram, P.; Richter, A.; Richter, F.; Liepold, H.; Dusel, G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scheppach W, Bartram P, Richter A, Richter F, Liepold H, Dusel G, et al. The effect of short-chain fatty acids on the human colonic mucosa in vitro. JrPEN 1992; 16: 43-8.","journal-title":"JrPEN"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3283","article-title":"Proliferation of human colonic mucosa as an intermediate biomarker of carcinogenesis: effects of butyrate, deoxycholate, calcium, ammonia and pH","volume":"53","author":"Bartram, H.P.; Scheppach, W.; Schmid, H.; Hofmann, A.; Dusel, G.; Richter, F.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bartram HP, Scheppach W, Schmid H, Hofmann A, Dusel G, Richter F, et al. Proliferation of human colonic mucosa as an intermediate biomarker of carcinogenesis: effects of butyrate, deoxycholate, calcium, ammonia and pH. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3283-8.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901053200105","article-title":"Treatment of diversion colitis with short-chain fatty acid irrigation","volume":"320","author":"Harig, J.M.; Soergel, K.H.; Komorowski, R.A.; Wood, C.M.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harig JM, Soergel KH, Komorowski RA, Wood CM. Treatment of diversion colitis with short-chain fatty acid irrigation. NEnglJffMed 1989; 320: 23-8.","journal-title":"NEnglJffMed"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Inhibition of shortchain fatty acid absorption and Na+ absorption during acute colitis","volume-title":"the rabbit. Gastroenterology","volume":"106","author":"Butzner, J.D.; Meddings, J.B.; Dalal, V.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Butzner JD, Meddings JB, Dalal V. Inhibition of shortchain fatty acid absorption and Na+ absorption during acute colitis in the rabbit. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1190-8."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91934-0","article-title":"The colonic epithelium in ulcerative colitis: an energy-deficiency disease?","volume":"ii:","author":"Roediger, W.E.W.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Roediger WEW. The colonic epithelium in ulcerative colitis: an energy-deficiency disease? Lancet 1980; ii: 712-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.37.6.704","article-title":"Colonic bicarbonate output as a test of disease activity in ulcerative colitis","volume":"37","year":"1984","unstructured":"Roediger WEW, Lawson MJ, Kwok V, Grant AK, Pannall PR. Colonic bicarbonate output as a test of disease activity in ulcerative colitis. Y Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 704-7.","journal-title":"Y Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.1.73","article-title":"Butyrate oxidation is impaired in the colonic mucosa of sufferers of quiescent ulcerative colitis","volume":"35","author":"Chapman, M.A.S.; Grahn, M.F.; Boyle, M.A.; Hutton, M.; Rogers, J.; Williams, N.S.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chapman MAS, Grahn MF, Boyle MA, Hutton M, Rogers J, Williams NS. Butyrate oxidation is impaired in the colonic mucosa of sufferers of quiescent ulcerative colitis. Gut 1994; 35: 73-6.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"773","article-title":"Metabolic induction of experimental ulcerative colitis by inhibition of fatty acid oxidation","volume":"67","author":"Roediger, W.E.W.; Nance, S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Roediger WEW, Nance S. Metabolic induction of experimental ulcerative colitis by inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. BrJ Exp Pathol 1986; 67: 773-82.","journal-title":"BrJ Exp Pathol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300754","article-title":"Rectal irrigation with short-chain fatty acids for distal ulcerative colitis: preliminary report","volume":"36","author":"Breuer, R.I.; Buto, S.K.; Christ, M.L.; Bean, J.; Vernia, P.; Paoluzi, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Breuer RI, Buto SK, Christ ML, Bean J, Vernia P, Paoluzi P, et al. Rectal irrigation with short-chain fatty acids for distal ulcerative colitis: preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 185-7.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253492","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid enemas: a cost-effective alternative in the treatment of nonspecific proctosigmoiditis","volume":"35","author":"Senagore, A.J.; MacKeigan, J.M.; Scheider, M.; Ebrom, J.S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Senagore AJ, MacKeigan JM, Scheider M, Ebrom JS. Short-chain fatty acid enemas: a cost-effective alternative in the treatment of nonspecific proctosigmoiditis. Dis Colon Rectum 1992; 35: 923-7.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91094-K","article-title":"Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis","volume":"103","author":"Scheppach, W.; Summer, H.; Kirchner, T.; Paganelli, G.M.; Bartram, P.; Christl, S.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scheppach W, Summer H, Kirchner T, Paganelli GM, Bartram P, Christl S, et al. Effect of butyrate enemas on the colonic mucosa in distal ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 51-6.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"179","article-title":"Treatment of refractory ulcerative proctosigmoiditis with butyrate enemas","volume":"89","author":"Steinhart, A.H.; Brzezinski, A.; Baker, J.P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steinhart AH, Brzezinski A, Baker JP. Treatment of refractory ulcerative proctosigmoiditis with butyrate enemas. Am JT Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 179-83.","journal-title":"Am JT Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"795","article-title":"Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration","volume-title":"the rat colon. Gastroenterology 1989; 96","author":"Morris, G.P.; Beck, P.L.; Herridge, M.S.; Depew, W.T.; Szewczuk, M.R.; Wallace, J.L.","unstructured":"Morris GP, Beck PL, Herridge MS, Depew WT, Szewczuk MR, Wallace JL. Hapten-induced model of chronic inflammation and ulceration in the rat colon. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 795-803."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"399","article-title":"and factor XIII","volume-title":"experimental colitis in the rat: effects on transglutaminase activity. Gastroenterology 1994","volume":"106","author":"true","unstructured":"D'Argenio G, Cosenza V, Sorrentini I, De Ritis F, Gatto A, Cave MD, et al. Butyrate, mesalamine, and factor XIII in experimental colitis in the rat: effects on transglutaminase activity. Gastroenterology 1994: 106: 399-404."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"622","article-title":"Disruption of colonic electrolyte transport in experimental colitis","volume":"268","author":"Bell, C.J.; Gall, D.G.; Wallace, J.L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bell CJ, Gall DG, Wallace JL. Disruption of colonic electrolyte transport in experimental colitis. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: G622-30.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"72","article-title":"Relation of peroxidase activity in gut mucosa to inflammation","volume":"234","author":"Smith, J.W.; Castro, G.A.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Smith JW, Castro GA. Relation of peroxidase activity in gut mucosa to inflammation. Am J Physiol 1978; 234: R72-9.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"989","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate active sodium and chloride absorption in vitro","volume-title":"the rat distal colon. Gastroenterology 1989; 96","author":"Binder, H.J.; Mehta, P.","unstructured":"Binder HJ, Mehta P. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate active sodium and chloride absorption in vitro in the rat distal colon. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 989-96."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"104","article-title":"Short chain fatty acid stimulation of electroneutral Na-Cl absorption: role of apical SCFA-HCO3 and SCFA-Cl exchanges","volume-title":"symposium 73 short chain fatty acids","author":"Rajendran, V.M.; Binder, H.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rajendran VM, Binder HJ. Short chain fatty acid stimulation of electroneutral Na-Cl absorption: role of apical SCFA-HCO3 and SCFA-Cl exchanges. In: Binder JH, Cummings J, Soergel K, eds. Falk symposium 73 short chain fatty acids. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1994: 104-16."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"6166","article-title":"Polarized Na+\/H+ exchange function is pliable in response to transepithelial","volume-title":"gradients of propionate. Proc Natl Acad Sci","volume":"91","author":"Rowe, W.A.; Lesho, M.J.; Montrose, M.H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rowe WA, Lesho MJ, Montrose MH. Polarized Na+\/H+ exchange function is pliable in response to transepithelial gradients of propionate. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1994; 91: 6166-70."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"71","article-title":"Methodological approaches to study colonic short chain fatty acid transport","volume-title":"symposium 73 short chain fatty acids","author":"Sellin, J.H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sellin JH. Methodological approaches to study colonic short chain fatty acid transport. In: Binder JH, Cummings J, Soergel K, eds. Falk symposium 73 short chain fatty acids. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1994: 71-82."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) enemas for radiation colitis","volume":"106","author":"Al-Sabbagh, R.; Sinicrope, F.; Sellin, J.; Cleary, K.; Ender, B.; Morris, M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Al-Sabbagh R, Sinicrope F, Sellin J, Cleary K, Ender B, Morris M, et al. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) enemas for radiation colitis. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: A2.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02148853","article-title":"Butyrate absorption and lactate secretion in ulcerative colitis","volume":"38","author":"Hove, H.; Holtug, K.; Jeppesen, P.B.; Mortensen, P.B.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hove H, Holtug K, Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB. Butyrate absorption and lactate secretion in ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum 1995; 38: 519-25.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T22:25:41Z","timestamp":1757283941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.38.4.568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.4.568","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]}}}