{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:18:57Z","timestamp":1769051937188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND--Octreotide treatment of acromegalic patients increases the % deoxycholic acid conjugates and the cholesterol saturation of gall bladder bile, and induces gall stone formation. AIMS--To study the roles of gall bladder emptying and intestinal transit in these phenomena. METHODS AND PATIENTS--Gall bladder emptying and mouth to caecum transit was measured in (a) control subjects and acromegalic patients given saline or 50 micrograms of octreotide, and (b) acromegalic patients taking long term octreotide. In the second group, large bowel transit was also measured. RESULTS--A single dose of octreotide inhibited meal stimulated gall bladder emptying, the ejection fraction falling from mean (SEM) 66.0 (2.3)% to 7.0 (5.3)% in controls (p &lt; 0.001); from 72.5 (2.1) to 16.6 (5.1)% in untreated acromegalic patients (p &lt; 0.001), and to 30.4 (9.5)% in acromegalic patients taking long term octreotide (p &lt; 0.001 v untreated acromegalic group). Octreotide prolonged mouth to caecum transit time, from 112 (15) min to 237 (13) min in controls (p &lt; 0.001), from 170 (13) min to 282 (11) min in untreated acromegalic patients (p &lt; 0.001), and to 247 (10) min in acromegalic patients taking long term octreotide (p &lt; 0.001 v untreated acromegalic patients). The mean large bowel transit in octreotide untreated compared with treated acromegalic patients remained unchanged (40 (6) h v 47 (6) h). CONCLUSIONS--Prolongation of intestinal transit and impaired gall bladder emptying may contribute to lithogenic changes in bile composition and gall stone formation in patients receiving long term octreotide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.5.775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"775-783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Roles of gall bladder emptying and intestinal transit in the pathogenesis of octreotide induced gall bladder stones."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"S H","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S P","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Veysey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G M","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Wass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R H","family":"Dowling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the somatostatin analog SMS","volume":"112","author":"Ho, K.Y.; Weissberger, A.J.; Marbach, P.; Lazarus, L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ho KY, Weissberger AJ, Marbach P, Lazarus L. Therapeutic efficacy of the somatostatin analog SMS 201 995 (octreotide) in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112: 173-81.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med; in acromegaly"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Gallstones during octreotide therapy","volume":"41","author":"Dowling, R.H.; Hussaini, S.H.; Murphy, G.M.; Besser, G.M.; Wass, J.A.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dowling RH, Hussaini SH, Murphy GM, Besser GM, Wass JAH. Gallstones during octreotide therapy. Metabolism 1992; 41 (S2): 22-33.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"361","article-title":"Gallstone recurrence and post-dissolution management","volume-title":"circulation of bile acids and sterol metabolism","author":"Dowling, R.H.; Gleeson, D.; Ruppin, D.C.; Murphy, G.M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dowling RH, Gleeson D, Ruppin DC, Murphy GM. Gallstone recurrence and post-dissolution management. In: Paumgartner G, Stiehl A, Gerok W, eds. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and sterol metabolism. Lancaster, England: MTP Press, 1984: 361-70."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-3-557","article-title":"Post prandial gallbladder motility during long term treatment with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-955 in acromegaly","volume":"69","author":"van Liessum PA; WP, Hopman; GF, Pieters; JB, Jansen; AG, Smals; G, Rosenbusch","year":"1989","unstructured":"van Liessum PA, Hopman WP, Pieters GF, Jansen JB, Smals AG, Rosenbusch G, et al. Post prandial gallbladder motility during long term treatment with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-955 in acromegaly. Jf Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 69: 557-62.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.2.270","article-title":"The effect of octreotide on gallstone prevalence and gallbladder motility in acromegaly","volume":"34","author":"Catnach, S.M.; Anderson, J.V.; Fairclough, P.D.; Trembath, R.C.; Wilson, P.A.J.; Parker, E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Catnach SM, Anderson JV, Fairclough PD, Trembath RC, Wilson PAJ, Parker E, et al. The effect of octreotide on gallstone prevalence and gallbladder motility in acromegaly. Gut 1993; 34: 270-3.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.6.808","article-title":"Postprandial gallbladder motility and hormone release during intermittent and continuous subcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly","volume":"34","author":"Stolk, M.F.J.; van Erpecum, K.J.; Koppeschaar, H.P.F.; de Bruin, W.I.; Jansen, J.B.M.; Lamers, C.B.W.H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stolk MFJ, van Erpecum KJ, Koppeschaar HPF, de Bruin WI, Jansen JBM, Lamers CBWH, et al. Postprandial gallbladder motility and hormone release during intermittent and continuous subcutaneous octreotide treatment in acromegaly. Gut 1993; 34: 808-13.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000199408","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on gastrointestinal, pancreatic and biliary function and hormone release in normal man","volume":"36","author":"Lembcke, B.; Creutzfeldt, S.; Schlesser, R.; Ebert, R.; Shaw, C.; Koop, I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lembcke B, Creutzfeldt S, Schlesser R, Ebert R, Shaw C, Koop I. Effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on gastrointestinal, pancreatic and biliary function and hormone release in normal man. Digestion 1987; 36: 108-24.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"49","article-title":"The effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) on pancreatic secretions in humans","volume":"82","author":"Creutzfeldt, W.; Lembcke, B.; Follsh, U.R.; Schleser, S.; Koop, I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Creutzfeldt W, Lembcke B, Follsh UR, Schleser S, Koop I. The effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995, Sandostatin) on pancreatic secretions in humans. Am JtMed 1987; 82: 49-54.","journal-title":"Am JtMed"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90556-8","article-title":"The role of bile composition and physical chemistry in the pathogenesis of octreotideassociated gallbladder stones","volume":"107","author":"Hussaini, S.H.; Murphy, G.M.; Kennedy, C.; Besser, G.M.; Wass, J.A.H.; Dowling, R.H.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hussaini SH, Murphy GM, Kennedy C, Besser GM, Wass JAH, Dowling RH. The role of bile composition and physical chemistry in the pathogenesis of octreotideassociated gallbladder stones. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1503-13.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Do colonic bacteria contribute to cholesterol gall stone formation? Effects of lactulose on bile","volume":"282","author":"Thornton, JR, Heaton; K.W.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Thornton JR, Heaton KW. Do colonic bacteria contribute to cholesterol gall stone formation? Effects of lactulose on bile. BMJ3 1981; 282: 1018-20."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"269","article-title":"Diet and gallstones: effects of refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets on bile cholesterol saturation and bile acid metabolism","volume-title":"Gut","volume":"25","author":"Thornton, JR, Emmett; PM, Heaton; K.W.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Thornton JR, Emmett PM, Heaton KW. Diet and gallstones: effects of refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets on bile cholesterol saturation and bile acid metabolism. Gut 1983; 25: 269-74."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.5.550","article-title":"Intestinal transit, deoxycholic acid and the cholesterol saturation of bile: three interrelated factors","volume":"27","author":"Marcus, S.N.; Heaton, K.W.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Marcus SN, Heaton KW. Intestinal transit, deoxycholic acid and the cholesterol saturation of bile: three interrelated factors. Gut 1986; 27: 550-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90513-6","article-title":"Whither biliary sludge","volume":"95","author":"Carey, M.C.; Cahalane, M.J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Carey MC, Cahalane MJ. Whither biliary sludge. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 508-23.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.19.7.640","article-title":"Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy","volume":"19","author":"Roda, E.; Aldini, R.; Mazella, G.; Roda, A.; Sama, C.; Festi, D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Roda E, Aldini R, Mazella G, Roda A, Sama C, Festi D, et al. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy. Gut 1978; 19: 640-9.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"41","article-title":"Long-term effects of cholecystectomy on bile acid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Kullak-Ublick, G.A.; Paumgartner, G.; Berr, F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kullak-Ublick GA, Paumgartner G, Berr F. Long-term effects of cholecystectomy on bile acid metabolism. Hepatology 1995; 21: 41-5.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000199407","article-title":"Effect of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on postprandial gastric emptying of 99mTc-tin colloid and mouth-to-caecum transit time in man","volume":"36","author":"Fuessl, H.S.; Carolan, G.; Williams, G.; Bloom, SR","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fuessl HS, Carolan G, Williams G, Bloom SR. Effect of a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on postprandial gastric emptying of 99mTc-tin colloid and mouth-to-caecum transit time in man. Digestion 1987; 36: 101-7.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299859","article-title":"Postprandial gallbladder motility and plasma cholecystokinin at regular time intervals after injection of-octreotide in acromegalics on long-term treatment","volume":"37","author":"Hopman, W.P.; van Liessum, P.A.; Pieters, G.F.; Jansen, J.B.; Lamers, C.B.; Smals, A.G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hopman WP, van Liessum PA, Pieters GF, Jansen JB, Lamers CB, Smals AG, et al. Postprandial gallbladder motility and plasma cholecystokinin at regular time intervals after injection of-octreotide in acromegalics on long-term treatment. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 1685-90.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Sonographic measurement of gallbladder volume","volume":"145","author":"Dodds, W.J.; Groh, W.J.; Darweesh, R.M.A.; Lawson, T.L.; Kishk, S.M.A.; Kern, M.K.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dodds WJ, Groh WJ, Darweesh RMA, Lawson TL, Kishk SMA, Kern MK. Sonographic measurement of gallbladder volume. AmJTRoentgenol 1985; 145: 1009-11.","journal-title":"AmJTRoentgenol"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"546","article-title":"Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen measurements","volume":"85","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bond JH, Levitt MD. Investigation of small bowel transit time in man utilizing pulmonary hydrogen measurements. JrLab Clin Med 1974; 85: 546-56.","journal-title":"JrLab Clin Med"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.1990.tb00025.x","article-title":"Interpretation of postprandial breath hydrogen excretion in relation to small bowel transit and ileocecal flow patterns of a radiolabeled solid meal in man","volume":"2","author":"Howard, P.J.; Lazarus, C.; Maisey, M.N.; Dowling, R.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Howard PJ, Lazarus C, Maisey MN, Dowling RH. Interpretation of postprandial breath hydrogen excretion in relation to small bowel transit and ileocecal flow patterns of a radiolabeled solid meal in man. J Gastrointest Motil 1990; 2: 194-201.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Motil"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90837-7","article-title":"Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit","volume":"92","author":"Metcalf, A.M.; Phillips, S.F.; Zinsmeister, A.R.; MacCarty, R.L.; Beart, R.W.; Wolff, B.G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Metcalf AM, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR, MacCarty RL, Beart RW, Wolff BG. Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 40-7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01300194","article-title":"The effect of somatostatin analogue on water and electrolyte transport and transit time in human small bowel","volume":"32","author":"Deuno, M.I.; Bai, J.C.; Sanangelo, W.C.; Krejs, G.J.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Deuno MI, Bai JC, Sanangelo WC, Krejs GJ. The effect of somatostatin analogue on water and electrolyte transport and transit time in human small bowel. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32: 1092-6.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1990.tb00463.x","article-title":"Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"4","author":"O'Donnell, L.J.D.; Watson, A.J.M.; Cameron, D.; Farthing, M.J.G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"O'Donnell LJD, Watson AJM, Cameron D, Farthing MJG. Effect of octreotide on mouth-to-caecum transit time in healthy subjects and in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 1990; 4: 177-82.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.05.070185.001241","article-title":"The hormonal regulation of food intake, digestion, and absorption","volume":"5","author":"Nicholl, C.G.; Polak, J.M.; Bloom, SR","year":"1985","unstructured":"Nicholl CG, Polak JM, Bloom SR. The hormonal regulation of food intake, digestion, and absorption. Nutrition 1985; 5: 213-39.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"367","article-title":"The neuroendocrine control of gastrointestinal motor activity","volume":"87","author":"Torsoli, A.; Severi, C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Torsoli A, Severi C. The neuroendocrine control of gastrointestinal motor activity. Jf Physiol 1993; 87: 367-74.","journal-title":"Jf Physiol"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Gastrointestinal transit: the effect","volume-title":"of the menstrual cycle. Gastroenterology 1981; 80","author":"Wald, A.; van Thiel, D.H.; Hoechstetter, L.; Gavaler, J.S.; Egler, K.M.; Verm, R.","unstructured":"Wald A, van Thiel DH, Hoechstetter L, Gavaler JS, Egler KM, Verm R, et al. Gastrointestinal transit: the effect of the menstrual cycle. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 1497-500."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198908000-00014","article-title":"Effect of age on human gastric and small bowel motility","volume":"11","author":"Fich, A.; Camilleri, M.; Phillips, S.F.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fich A, Camilleri M, Phillips SF. Effect of age on human gastric and small bowel motility. Jf Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 11: 416-20.","journal-title":"Jf Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1985.tb07134.x","article-title":"Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in the elderly","volume":"33","author":"Kupfer, R.M.; Heppell, M.; Haggith, J.W.; Bateman, D.N.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kupfer RM, Heppell M, Haggith JW, Bateman DN. Gastric emptying and small bowel transit in the elderly. Jf Am Geriatr Soc 1985; 33: 340-3.","journal-title":"Jf Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000199606","article-title":"The effect of ageing on the gastrointestinal transit of a lactulose supplemental solid-liquid meal in humans","volume":"39","author":"Wegener, M.G.; Scharffstein, J.; Luth, J.; Rickels, R.; Ricken, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wegener MG, Scharffstein J, Luth J, Rickels R, Ricken D. The effect of ageing on the gastrointestinal transit of a lactulose supplemental solid-liquid meal in humans. Digestion 1988; 39: 40-6.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"161","article-title":"Intestinal dysmotility syndromes in the elderly: measurements of oro-cecal transit time","volume":"82","author":"Piccione, P.R.; Holt, P.R.; Culpepper-Morgan, J.A.; Paris, P.; O'Bryan, L.; Ferdinands, L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Piccione PR, Holt PR, Culpepper-Morgan JA, Paris P, O'Bryan L, Ferdinands L. Intestinal dysmotility syndromes in the elderly: measurements of oro-cecal transit time. Am Jf Gastroenterol 1990; 82: 161-4.","journal-title":"Am Jf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Effects of atropine, proglumide, and somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on bombesininduced gallbladder contraction and CCK secretion in humans","volume":"84","author":"Mitsukawa, T.; Takemura, J.; Nishizono, F.; Nakatsuru, K.; Ohgo, S.; Matsukura, S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mitsukawa T, Takemura J, Nishizono F, Nakatsuru K, Ohgo S, Matsukura S. Effects of atropine, proglumide, and somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on bombesininduced gallbladder contraction and CCK secretion in humans. Am Jf Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 1371-4.","journal-title":"Am Jf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01308351","article-title":"Effect of small doses of somatostatin analog, octreotide, on gallbladder contractility in normal Chinese adults","volume":"37","author":"Zhu, X.F.; Shi, Y.F.; Qin-Dai, Zhang; JX, Harris; A.G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Zhu XF, Shi YF, Qin-Dai, Zhang JX, Harris AG. Effect of small doses of somatostatin analog, octreotide, on gallbladder contractility in normal Chinese adults. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 105-8.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6842.1611","article-title":"Effect of long term octreotide on gall stone formation and gallbladder function","volume":"304","author":"Bigg-Wither, G.W.; Ho, K.Y.Y.; Grunstein, R.R.; Sullivan, C.E.; Doust, B.D.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bigg-Wither GW, Ho KYY, Grunstein RR, Sullivan CE, Doust BD. Effect of long term octreotide on gall stone formation and gallbladder function. BMJ 1992; 304: 1611-2.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"295","article-title":"Assessment of gall bladder dynamics, cholecystokinin release and the development of gallstones during octreotide therapy for acromegaly","volume":"83","author":"Ewins, D.L.; Javaid, A.; Coskeran, P.B.; Shah, S.; Butler, J.; Deprez, P.H.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ewins DL, Javaid A, Coskeran PB, Shah S, Butler J, Deprez PH, et al. Assessment of gall bladder dynamics, cholecystokinin release and the development of gallstones during octreotide therapy for acromegaly. Q Jf Med 1992; 83: 295-306.","journal-title":"Q Jf Med"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529209165429","article-title":"Gallbladder function in acromegalic patients taking long-term octreotide: evidence of rebound hypermotility on cessation of treatment","volume":"27","author":"Rhodes, M.; James, R.A.; Bird, M.; Clayton, B.; Kendall-Taylor, P.; Lennard, T.W.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rhodes M, James RA, Bird M, Clayton B, Kendall-Taylor P, Lennard TW. Gallbladder function in acromegalic patients taking long-term octreotide: evidence of rebound hypermotility on cessation of treatment. Scand Jf Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 115-8.","journal-title":"Scand Jf Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296438","article-title":"Effect of somatostatin analogue octreotide on human sphincter of oddi","volume":"37","author":"Binmoeller, K.F.; Dumas, R.; Harris, A.G.; Delmont, J.P.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Binmoeller KF, Dumas R, Harris AG, Delmont JP. Effect of somatostatin analogue octreotide on human sphincter of oddi. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 773-7.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"419","article-title":"Comparison of gallbladder contractions induced by motilin","volume-title":"and cholecystokinin in dogs. Gastroenterology 1982","volume":"82","author":"Takahashi, I.; Suzuki, T.; Aizawa, I.; Itoh, Z.","unstructured":"Takahashi I, Suzuki T, Aizawa I, Itoh Z. Comparison of gallbladder contractions induced by motilin and cholecystokinin in dogs. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 419-24."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-99-6-1653","article-title":"Somatostatin inhibits the release of acetylcholine induced electrically in the myenteric plexus","volume":"99","author":"Guilliemin, R.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Guilliemin R. Somatostatin inhibits the release of acetylcholine induced electrically in the myenteric plexus. Endocrinology 1976; 99: 1653-4.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80413-1","article-title":"Treatment of acute postoperative ileus with octreotide","volume":"165","author":"Cullen, J.J.; Eagon, J.C.; Dozois, E.J.; Kelly, K.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cullen JJ, Eagon JC, Dozois EJ, Kelly KA. Treatment of acute postoperative ileus with octreotide. Am JSurg 1993; 165: 113-9.","journal-title":"Am JSurg"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Effect of octreotide on intestinal motility and bacterial overgrowth in scleroderma","volume":"325","author":"Soudah, H.C.; Hasler, W.L.; Owyang, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Soudah HC, Hasler WL, Owyang C. Effect of octreotide on intestinal motility and bacterial overgrowth in scleroderma. NEngl7Med 1991; 325: 1461-7."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(90)90172-X","article-title":"Octreotide acetate induces fasting small bowel motility in patients with the dumping syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Richards, W.O.; Geer, R.; O'Dorisio, T.M.; Robarts, T.; Parish, K.L.; Rice, D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Richards WO, Geer R, O'Dorisio TM, Robarts T, Parish KL, Rice D, et al. Octreotide acetate induces fasting small bowel motility in patients with the dumping syndrome. Jf Surg Res 1990; 49: 483-7.","journal-title":"Jf Surg Res"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(84)80057-8","article-title":"Somatostatin induces ectopic activity fronts of the migrating motor complex via a local intestinal mechanism","volume":"87","author":"Hostein, J.; Janssens, J.; Vantrappen, G.; Peeters, T.L.; Vandeweerd, M.; Leman, G.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hostein J, Janssens J, Vantrappen G, Peeters TL, Vandeweerd M, Leman G. Somatostatin induces ectopic activity fronts of the migrating motor complex via a local intestinal mechanism. Gastroenterology 1984; 87: 1004-8.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.10.753","article-title":"The effect of cholecystectomy on bile acid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Pomare, E.W.; Heaton, K.W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Pomare EW, Heaton KW. The effect of cholecystectomy on bile acid metabolism. Gut 1973; 14: 753-62.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108705","article-title":"Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity","volume":"59","author":"Shaffer, E.; Small, D.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Shaffer E, Small DM. Biliary lipid secretion in cholesterol gallstone disease. The effect of cholecystectomy and obesity. J Clin Invest 1977; 59: 828-40.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(74)80044-2","article-title":"Increased bacterial degradation of bile acids in cholecystectomized patients","volume":"66","author":"Hepner, G.W.; Hofmann, A.F.; Malagelada, JR, Szezepanik; PA, Klien; P.D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hepner GW, Hofmann AF, Malagelada JR, Szezepanik PA, Klien PD. Increased bacterial degradation of bile acids in cholecystectomized patients. Gastroenterology 1974; 66: 556-64.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114050","article-title":"Effects of cholecystectomy on the kinetics of primary and secondary bile acids","volume":"83","author":"Berr, F.; Stellaard, F.; Pratschke, E.; Paumgartner, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berr F, Stellaard F, Pratschke E, Paumgartner G. Effects of cholecystectomy on the kinetics of primary and secondary bile acids. JClin Invest 1989; 83: 1541-50.","journal-title":"JClin Invest"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"348","article-title":"Efendic 5, Mattsson 0. Effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility","volume":"19","year":"1978","unstructured":"Efendic 5, Mattsson 0. Effect of somatostatin on intestinal motility. Acta Radio! 1978; 19: 348-52.","journal-title":"Acta Radio!"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3109\/00365527809181925","article-title":"Effects of short time somatostatin infusion on gastric and intestinal propulsion in humans","volume":"13","year":"1978","unstructured":"Johansson C, Efendic S, Wisen 0, Uvnas-Wallensten K, Luft R. Effects of short time somatostatin infusion on gastric and intestinal propulsion in humans. Scand J Gastroenterol 1978; 13: 481-3.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7248-6_30","article-title":"Somatostatin and gastrointestinal secretion and motility","volume":"106","author":"Konturek, S.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Konturek SJ. Somatostatin and gastrointestinal secretion and motility. Adv Exp Med Biol 1978; 106: 227-34.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000198619","article-title":"Effects of somatostatin on gastrointestinal propagation and absorption of oral glucose in man","volume":"22","year":"1981","unstructured":"Johansson C, Efendic S, Wisen 0, Uvnas-Wallensten K. Effects of somatostatin on gastrointestinal propagation and absorption of oral glucose in man. Digestion 1981; 22: 126-37.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37944-X","article-title":"Degradation of steroids in the human gut","volume":"24","author":"MacDonald, I.A.; Bokkenheuser, V.D.; Winter, J.; McLernon, A.M.; Mosbach, E.H.","year":"1983","unstructured":"MacDonald IA, Bokkenheuser VD, Winter J, McLernon AM, Mosbach EH. Degradation of steroids in the human gut. _J Lipid Res 1983; 24: 675-700.","journal-title":"_J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1973.12096731","article-title":"Bile salt metabolism in the colon","volume":"8","author":"Morris, J.S.; Low-Beer, T.S.; Heaton, K.W.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Morris JS, Low-Beer TS, Heaton KW. Bile salt metabolism in the colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 1973; 8: 425-3 1.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"215","article-title":"Effect of cecum and appendix","volume":"21","author":"Yahiro, K.; Setoguchi, T.; Katsuki, T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Yahiro K, Setoguchi T, Katsuki T. Effect of cecum and appendix on 7 alpha-dehydroxylation and 7 beta-epimerization of chenodeoxycholic acid in the rabbit. J Lipid Res 1980; 21: 215-22.","journal-title":"J Lipid Res; beta-epimerization of chenodeoxycholic acid in the rabbit"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.5.775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T19:02:15Z","timestamp":1763751735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.38.5.775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.38.5.775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.38.5.775","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,5]]}}}