{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T14:55:28Z","timestamp":1765637728206,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Some metallic compounds, especially of zirconium, can cause cell mediated granulomatous inflammation of the skin. Pigment granules containing compounds of aluminium, silicon, and titanium have been observed within macrophages in the wall of the small intestine in health and in Crohn's disease. Zirconium compounds can be ingested in toothpaste. AIM: To determine in a pilot study if granulomatous sensitivity can be detected to compounds of these metals or silicon after injection into the skin of patients with Crohn's disease. SUBJECTS: Eight patients with Crohn's disease known to have had granulomata in the intestine and not currently treated with corticosteroids, and two healthy controls. METHOD: Two intradermal injections each of 0.1 ml of a 0.02% suspension of one of the compounds made in the abdominal wall of each subject. The site was marked and full thickness skin biopsy performed six weeks later. RESULT: A foreign body granuloma was observed on histological examination of two biopsy specimens but no evidence of a cell mediated response in any subject. CONCLUSION: No support was found for the hypothesis that Crohn's disease is due to a specific sensitivity to ingested metallic or silicon compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.2.231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1190137291000},"page":"231-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Absence of skin sensitivity to oxides of aluminium, silicon, titanium or zirconium in patients with Crohn's disease."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"J C","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D G","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J E","family":"Lennard-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1996,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1958.tb13297.x","article-title":"The allergic origin of zirconium deodorant granulomas","volume":"70","author":"Shelley, W.B.; Hurley, H.J.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Shelley WB, Hurley HJ. The allergic origin of zirconium deodorant granulomas. Br Jf Dermatol 1958; 70: 75-101.","journal-title":"Br Jf Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Granulomatous hypersensitivity to zirconium: localisation of allergen in tissue and its role in formation of epithelioid cells","volume":"38","author":"Epstein, W.L.; Skahen, JR, Krasnobrod; H.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Epstein WL, Skahen JR, Krasnobrod H. Granulomatous hypersensitivity to zirconium: localisation of allergen in tissue and its role in formation of epithelioid cells. J Invest Dermatol 1963; 38: 223-32.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.2.464","article-title":"The pulmonary toxicity of beryllium","volume":"137","author":"Kriebel, D.; Brain, J.D.; Prince, N.L.; Kazemi, H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kriebel D, Brain JD, Prince NL, Kazemi H. The pulmonary toxicity of beryllium. 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Ultra-structural observations on experimentally induced foreign-body and organised epithelioid cell granulomas in man. Am J Pathol 1968; 52: 1207-16.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92572-Y","article-title":"Hypothesis revisited: Toothpaste and the cause of Crohn's disease","volume":"336","author":"Sullivan, S.N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sullivan SN. Hypothesis revisited: Toothpaste and the cause of Crohn's disease. Lancet 1990; 336: 1096-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80193-4","article-title":"Exogenous pigment in Peyer's patches","volume":"18","author":"Shepherd, N.A.; Crocker, P.R.; Smith, A.P.; Levison, D.A.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shepherd NA, Crocker PR, Smith AP, Levison DA. Exogenous pigment in Peyer's patches. 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