{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T02:14:23Z","timestamp":1778292863910,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1997,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The use of ulcerogenic drugs is the only well documented risk factor for peptic ulcer perforation, but accounts for only a quarter of the events. Smoking is a well known risk factor for uncomplicated ulcer disease, and patients with ulcer bleeding have increased death rates from smoking related disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To assess the role of smoking in ulcer perforation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Subjects<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014A total of 168 consecutive patients with gastroduodenal ulcer perforation and 4469 control subjects from a population based health survey.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The association between ulcer perforation and smoking habits was analysed by logistic regression while adjusting for age and sex.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Current smoking increased the risk for ulcer perforation 10-fold in the age group 15\u201374 years (OR 9.7, 95% CI 5.9 to 15.8) and there was a highly significant dose-response relationship (p&lt;0.001). The results were similar in men (OR 9.3, 95% CI 4.9 to 17) and women (OR 11.6, 95% CI 5.3 to 25), and for gastric (OR 10.5, 95% CI 4.5 to 25) and duodenal (OR 8.6, 95% CI 4.9 to 15.4) ulcer perforation. No increase in risk was found in previous smokers (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.2).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Our findings suggest that smoking is a causal factor for ulcer perforation and accounts for a major part of ulcer perforations in the population aged less than 75 years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.2.177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1277901972000},"page":"177-180","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Smoking and ulcer perforation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Svanes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"S\u00f8reide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Skarstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B T","family":"Fevang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S E","family":"Vollset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Svanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O","family":"S\u00f8reide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\nbDepartment of Surgery, Rogaland Hospital, Stavanger, \n\ncDepartment of Surgery, Haraldsplass University Hospital, Bergen, \n\ndDepartment of Thoracic Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, \n\neSection for Medical Informatics and Statistics, University of Bergen, \n\nfNational Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91843-0"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90952-9","article-title":"Variability in the risk of major gastrointestinal complications from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory 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J Clin Gastroentrol 1988; 10 (suppl 1): S19\u201323. .","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198812001-00005"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(93)70114-5","article-title":"Gastric mucosal blood flow after smoking in healthy human beings assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry.","volume":"39","author":"Iwao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000171465","article-title":"The role of blood flow in gastric mucosal defence, damage and healing.","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f8rbye","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(96)00278-8"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116319","article-title":"A prospective study of gastric and duodenal ulcer and its relation to smoking, alcohol and diet.","volume":"135","author":"Kato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)90507-6","article-title":"Relative impact of smoking and reduced pulmonary function on peptic ulcer risk. A prospective study of Japanese men in Hawaii.","volume":"96","author":"Stemmermann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90176-Y","article-title":"A prospective study of risk for peptic ulcer disease in Seventh-day Adventists.","volume":"102","author":"Kurata","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025112110203423000_41.2.177.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.2.177"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.41.2.177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:20:43Z","timestamp":1763749243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.41.2.177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.41.2.177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.41.2.177","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]]}}}