{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:49:58Z","timestamp":1785912598897,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1997,5,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The diagnosis and classification of oesophageal motility disorders is currently based on assessment of the phasic contractile activity of the oesophagus. Tonic muscular contraction of the oesophageal body (oesophageal tone) has not been well characterised.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To quantify oesophageal tonic activity in healthy subjects and in patients with achalasia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Patients<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Oesophageal tone was measured in 14 patients with untreated achalasia and in 14 healthy subjects. In eight patients with achalasia, oesophageal tone was again measured one month after either endoscopic or surgical treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Tonic wall activity was quantified by means of a flaccid intraoesophageal bag, 5\u2009cm long and of 120\u2009ml maximal capacity, which was placed and maintained 5\u2009cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter and connected to an external electronic barostat. The experimental design included measurement of oesophageal basal tone and compliance as well as the oesophageal tone response to a nitric oxide donor (0.5\u2009ml amyl nitrite inhalation).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Oesophageal basal tone, expressed as the intrabag (intraoesophageal) volume at a minimal distending pressure (2\u2009mm\u2009Hg), did not differ significantly between patients with achalasia and healthy controls (6.6 (2.5) ml versus 4.1 (0.8) ml, respectively). Oesophageal compliance (volume\/pressure relation during intraoesophageal distension) was significantly increased in achalasia (oesophageal extension ratio: 3.2 (0.4) ml\/mm\u2009Hg versus 1.9 (0.2) ml\/mm\u2009Hg; p&lt; 0.01). Amyl nitrite inhalation induced oesophageal relaxation both in patients and in controls, but the magnitude of relaxation was greater in the latter (intrabag volume increase: 15.3 (2.4) ml versus 36.2 (7.1) ml; p&lt;0.01).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014In patients with achalasia, oesophageal tonic activity, and not only phasic activity, is impaired. Although oesophageal compliance is increased, residual oesophageal tone is maintained so that a significant relaxant response may occur after pharmacological stimulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.3.291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1277901972000},"page":"291-296","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Oesophageal tone in patients with achalasia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital General Vall d\u2019Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Mearin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital General Vall d\u2019Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Vasconez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital General Vall d\u2019Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J-R","family":"Armengol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital General Vall d\u2019Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J-R","family":"Malagelada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Research Unit, Hospital General Vall d\u2019Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08035-Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222443562000_41.3.291.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197907263010404"},{"key":"2025121222443562000_41.3.291.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.11.1595"},{"key":"2025121222443562000_41.3.291.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5089(21)00137-1","article-title":"Esophageal involvement in Chagas\u2019 disease.","volume":"5","author":"Betarello","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clinics in Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025121222443562000_41.3.291.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90443-8"},{"key":"2025121222443562000_41.3.291.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vantrappen G Hellemans J (1975) Achalasia. in Diseases of the esophagus. eds Vantrappen G Hellemans J (Springer Verlag, Berlin), pp 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