{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T13:41:40Z","timestamp":1765633300726,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1997,4,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014It has been reported that infection with vacuolating cytotoxin positive\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains is associated with gastroduodenal disease in Western countries.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aims<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the prevalence of cytotoxin producing strains among patients with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in relation to gastrointestinal diseases in Japan.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Patients<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Ninety seven patients undergoing endoscopy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014A Western blot assay was conducted to detect serum antibodies against the cytotoxin using recombinant cytotoxin (VacA protein) as an antigen. To obtain a purified recombinant cytotoxin, the\n                    <jats:italic>vacA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene (2233 nucleotides) was cloned into an expression vector to produce the protein (744 amino acids), which was expressed in\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014Serum IgG antibodies to the cytotoxin were present in 85%, 95%, 95%, and 100% of infected patients with gastric ulcer (n=26), duodenal ulcer (n=21), chronic gastritis (n=19), and endoscopically normal mucosa (n=14), respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014The western blot method using recombinant VacA protein is simple and useful for detecting antibody to vacuolating cytotoxin. This method showed antibodies against cytotoxin were highly prevalent, even in subjects with endoscopically normal mucosa in Japan, indicating that the cytotoxin may not be an independent cause of gastrointestinal diseases induced by\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.4.463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1277901972000},"page":"463-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["High prevalence of cytotoxin positive\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    in patients unrelated to the presence of peptic ulcers in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Ogura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Kanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Ogura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K-H","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Kawabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Internal Medicine, Mito Saiseikai Hospital, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Shiratori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aSecond Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7\u20133\u20131 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan, \n\nbDepartment 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