{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T14:07:41Z","timestamp":1765634861979,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholera toxin causes small intestinal hypersecretion by inducing a coordinated response from enterocytes, enterochromaffin cells, enteric neurones, and the vascular supply. Nitric oxide has been implicated in the function of these separate components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the role of nitric oxide in the totality of cholera toxin induced secretion in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One group of adult male Wistar rats was treated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors N\n                      <jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\n                      -nitro-\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine methyl ester (\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NAME; subcutaneously or intraluminally), N\n                      <jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\n                      -methyl-\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine (\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NMA), or 7-nitroindazole. A second group of rats was treated with\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine (intraperitoneally or intraluminally) or\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine. The small intestine was isolated between two cannulae and instilled with 75 \u03bcg cholera toxin or saline for two hours. Small intestinal perfusion of a plasma electrolyte solution containing [\n                      <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                      C]-PEG was undertaken to determine net water and electrolyte movement. After the experiment macroscopic and microscopic intestinal appearances were noted and jejunal 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine and\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NAME induced secretion in the basal state, but only when administered intraluminally. Systemically applied\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NAME caused a dose dependent reduction in cholera toxin induced secretion. This was paralleled by\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NMA but not by 7-nitroindazole or by intraluminally applied\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NAME. Systemically applied\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -NAME caused notable cyanosis of the intestine, consistent with mesenteric ischaemia, but no microscopic abnormalities. Systemically applied\n                      <jats:sc>l<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine but not\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -arginine also reduced cholera toxin induced secretion and inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine release.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nitric oxide has a duality of roles in cholera toxin induced secretion, acting both as an absorbagogue and a secretagogue. Its mechanisms of action include the maintenance of mucosal perfusion and enterochromaffin cell stabilisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]],"date-time":"2010-06-30T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1277901972000},"page":"33-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Proabsorptive and prosecretory roles for nitric oxide in cholera toxin induced secretion"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"J L","family":"Turvill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew\u2019s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F H","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St Bartholomew\u2019s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Turner 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