{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:51:12Z","timestamp":1791021072188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      affects gastric epithelium integrity by acceleration of apoptosis. However, it remains unclear what product of the bacteria causes apoptosis, or whether or not the apoptosis is involved in the development of ulcers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To elucidate the factor from\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      that causes acceleration of apoptosis and the role of apoptosis in the development of duodenal ulcer in\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PATIENTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      negative healthy volunteers, 47\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive patients with duodenal ulcer, and 35\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive patients with gastric ulcer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An endoscopic examination was carried out to diagnose ulcers and determine their clinical stage. To analyse apoptosis, a cell cycle analysis was performed using biopsy specimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a significant correlation between the urease activity of the\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain and the level of apoptosis induced by this bacterial strain. Moreover, in duodenal ulcer patients infected with\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the patients with an active ulcer exhibited a significantly higher level of apoptosis than those with ulcers at both the healing and scarring stages.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that acceleration of apoptosis in the antral mucosa caused by the urease of\n                      <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      plays a crucial role in the development of ulcers in the duodenum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.4.456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,8]],"date-time":"2010-01-08T21:47:15Z","timestamp":1262987235000},"page":"456-462","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Role of apoptosis induced by\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    infection in the development of duodenal ulcer"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Kohda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Aiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Miwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Koga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aDepartment of Internal Medicine VI, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan, \n\nbDepartment of Pathology, \n\ncDepartment of Infectious Diseases, \n\ndResearch Department, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co, Ohi-machi, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.1","first-page":"S116","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori.","volume":"89","author":"Marshall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.5.1601-1610.1993","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori: a perspective.","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92752-9","article-title":"Campylobacter pylori and duodenal ulcers: the gastrin link.","volume":"i","author":"Levi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90654-4","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-associated exaggerated gastrin release in duodenal ulcer patients. The effect of bombesin infusion and urea ingestion.","volume":"100","author":"Graham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7878464"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.12.3569","article-title":"Regulation of cell number in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: the importance of apoptosis.","volume":"107","author":"Hall","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.4.498"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)91015-A"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(71)80082-3","article-title":"Observation on the healing of ulceration in early gastric cancer.","volume":"60","author":"Sakita","year":"1971","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.1.49"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.10.3565","article-title":"Fas-mediated apoptosis of the hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice infected with murine cytomegarovirus.","volume":"89","author":"Mori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4058","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.10.4058-4063.1993","article-title":"Adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to gastric epithelial cells in primary cultures obtained from stomachs of various animals.","volume":"61","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.119.3.493"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S172","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199700001-00028","article-title":"Effect of sofalcone on adherence, production of vacuolating toxin, and induction of interleukin-8 secretion by Helicobacter pylori.","volume":"25","author":"Kamiya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.6.1992-1994.1990","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori urease activity is toxic to human gastric epithelial cells.","volume":"58","author":"Smoot","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70223-3"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91060-3","article-title":"Urea hydrolysis in patients with Campylobacter pylori infection.","volume":"i","author":"Marshall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.1.21"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)91067-R"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90056-X"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70003-9"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613042"},{"key":"2025112110283296000_44.4.456.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90374-7"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.44.4.456","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:28:41Z","timestamp":1763749721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gut.44.4.456"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gut.44.4.456"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.44.4.456","relation":{},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]]}}}