{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:18:47Z","timestamp":1790907527614,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with Crohn\u2019s disease are usually advised not to take oral contraceptives, but, unlike smoking, there is no clear association between current oral contraceptive use and more severe disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>AIM<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the effect of oral contraceptive use on the clinical course of Crohn\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PATIENTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>331 women, aged 16\u201350 years, with Crohn\u2019s disease and Crohn\u2019s disease activity index &lt;200, were enrolled consecutively during a one year period. Patients were classified at inclusion as oral contraceptive users or non-users and smokers or non-smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective 12\u201318 month cohort study was used. The main outcome measures\u2009were flare up rate and time to flare up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 134 women used oral contraceptives, in most cases low oestrogen formulations. During the study period, 61 oral contraceptive users (46%) developed a flare up, compared with 85 non-users (43%). The hazard ratio for oral contraceptive use was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.80 to 1.55). Variables associated with flare up were smoking status, recently active disease, baseline Crohn\u2019s disease activity index, and presence of anoperineal lesions. The same results were obtained when the analysis was restricted to patients eligible for a relapse prevention trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unlike smoking, oral contraceptives have no effect on Crohn\u2019s disease activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.45.2.218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,8]],"date-time":"2010-01-08T21:47:25Z","timestamp":1262987245000},"page":"218-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Oral contraceptive use and the clinical course of Crohn\u2019s disease: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Cosnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"aService d\u2019H\u00e9patogastroent\u00e9ro-logie et Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Rothschild, Paris, France, \n\nbUnit\u00e9 de Biostatistique et d\u2019Informatique M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Carbonnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aService d\u2019H\u00e9patogastroent\u00e9ro-logie et Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Rothschild, Paris, France, \n\nbUnit\u00e9 de Biostatistique et d\u2019Informatique M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Carrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aService d\u2019H\u00e9patogastroent\u00e9ro-logie et Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Rothschild, Paris, France, \n\nbUnit\u00e9 de Biostatistique et d\u2019Informatique M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Beaugerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aService d\u2019H\u00e9patogastroent\u00e9ro-logie et Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Rothschild, Paris, France, \n\nbUnit\u00e9 de Biostatistique et d\u2019Informatique M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J-P","family":"Gendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aService d\u2019H\u00e9patogastroent\u00e9ro-logie et Nutrition, H\u00f4pital Rothschild, Paris, France, \n\nbUnit\u00e9 de Biostatistique et d\u2019Informatique M\u00e9dicale, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine, Paris"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01536701"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.6.779"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)31021-3","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and risk of clinical relapse in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Duffy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90324-T"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90697-1","article-title":"Smoking habits and recurrence in Crohn\u2019s disease.","volume":"106","author":"Cottone","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566589"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91078-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Crohn\u2019s disease: multifocal gastrointestinal infarction.","volume":"1","author":"Wakefield","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90197-3"},{"key":"2025120618415965000_45.2.218.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198507000-00003","article-title":"Effects of oral contraceptives on blood coagulation. 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