{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T09:10:38Z","timestamp":1775293838166,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND\/AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coeliac disease is a chronic intestinal disorder most probably caused by an abnormal immune reaction to wheat gliadin. The identification of the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 as the molecules responsible for the HLA association in coeliac disease strongly implicates a role for CD4 T cells in disease pathogenesis. Indeed, CD4 T cells specific for gliadin have been isolated from the small intestine of patients with coeliac disease. However, identification of T cell epitopes within gliadin has been hampered by the heterogeneous nature of the gliadin antigen. To aid the characterisation of gliadin T cell epitopes, multiple recombinant gliadins have been produced from a commercial Nordic wheat cultivar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The \u03b1-gliadin and \u03b3-gliadin genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from cDNA and genomic DNA, cloned into a pET expression vector, and sequenced. Genes encoding mature gliadins were expressed in\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and tested for recognition by T cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 16 \u03b1-gliadin genes with complete open reading frames were sequenced. These genes encoded 11 distinct gliadin proteins, only one of which was found in the Swiss-Prot database. Expression of these gliadin genes produced a panel of recombinant \u03b1-gliadin proteins of purity suitable for use as an antigen for T cell stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides an insight into the complexity of the gliadin antigen present in a wheat strain and has defined a panel of pure gliadin antigens that should prove invaluable for the future mapping of epitopes recognised by intestinal T cells in coeliac disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.1.46","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:32:32Z","timestamp":1027751552000},"page":"46-51","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Production of a panel of recombinant gliadins for the characterisation of T cell reactivity in coeliac disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"E H","family":"Arentz-Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S N","family":"McAdam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d8","family":"Molberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Kristiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Sollid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121305390102000_46.1.46.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199112123252406","article-title":"Celiac sprue.","volume":"325","author":"Trier","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025121305390102000_46.1.46.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91819-P","article-title":"Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. 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