{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T00:38:14Z","timestamp":1781311094846,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a previous study, we found that gallstones were a common occurrence in the high altitude villages of the Peruvian Andes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if high altitude (\u2a7e 1500 m) is a contributing risk factor for gallstone disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross sectional study in a periurban community in Lima, Peru, and compared the prevalence of gallstone disease between coastal natives, highland (Sierra) natives and Sierra natives who had migrated to the coast. We also compared the prevalence rates from this study with those from a previous study conducted at high altitude. We examined 1534 subjects &gt;15 years of age for gallstone disease. Subjects were interviewed for the presence or absence of risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gallstone disease was more common in females (16.1 cases per 100, 95% CI 13.8\u201318.2) than in males (10.7 per 100, 95% CI 8.0\u201313.4). Females had a greater risk of gallstone disease, especially if they had used oral contraception and\/or had four or more children. The age adjusted prevalence was not significantly different between coastal natives, Sierra migrants, and Andean villagers. The prevalence of gallstone disease was not associated with time since migration or with having native Sierra parents. After adjusting for other risk factors, Sierra natives who migrated to the coast had a lower prevalence of gallstone disease than coastal natives (odds ratio 0.74, 95% CI 0.58\u20130.94).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates that high altitude is not a positive risk factor for gallstone disease and confirms that this disease is common in Peruvians, which may be attributable to Peruvian-Indian ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.4.569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:32:32Z","timestamp":1027751552000},"page":"569-573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Gallstone disease in Peruvian coastal natives and highland migrants"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"P L","family":"Moro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Checkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R H","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A G","family":"Lescano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J J","family":"Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Covarrubias C Valdivieso V Nervi F (1984) Epidemiology of gallstones in Chile. in Epidemiology and prevention of gallstone disease. ed Capocaccia L (MTP Press, Lancaster), pp 26\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5606-3_6"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01316800"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.2.201"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00787.x"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91575-8","article-title":"Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States.","volume":"96","author":"Maurer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.3.316"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117403","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: Prevalence data of the multicenter Italian study on cholelithiasis (MICOL).","volume":"141","author":"Attili","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114728","article-title":"Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population.","volume":"126","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115007","article-title":"Prevalence of gallstone disease in a general population of Okinawa, Japan.","volume":"128","author":"Nomura","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199702000-00018","article-title":"Gallstones in a community free of obesity but prone to slow intestinal transit.","volume":"9","author":"Spathis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025120523292280000_46.4.569.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199606000-00017","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. 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