{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:11:07Z","timestamp":1789495867275,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND AND AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the influence of baseline characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on prognosis and developed a multivariate Cox model predicting survival. All patients were from Central Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 245 patients seen at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Vienna, Austria, from July 1991 to March 1998 were included in this retrospective study. Nineteen different clinical characteristics and survival time from date of diagnosis were noted. Factors determining survival time were analysed by univariate and multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazard regression models and a new classification model was constructed. The validity of this model was tested on an independent group of 89 patients, seen from April 1998 to September 1999.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median survival in patients with HCC was 8.0 months. In a multivariate analysis bilirubin (&gt;2 mg\/dl), portal vein thrombosis, prothrombin time (&lt;70%), alpha fetoprotein (&gt;180 \u03bcg\/l), tumour mass &gt;50%, and enlarged lymph nodes were independent predictors of survival. A newly constructed Cox proportional hazard model (Vienna survival model for HCC=VISUM-HCC) identified three disease stages with different durations of survival (median survival stage 1, 15.2 months; stage 2, 7.2 months; and stage 3, 2.6 months; p=0.00001). Applying the VISUM-HCC survival model to patients in Okuda stage 2 identified subgroups with an excellent and very poor prognosis for which different treatment modalities should be offered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our patients with HCC had a poor median survival of eight months. Six easily measurable clinical variables were significant predictors of survival in patients with HCC. The new VISUM-HCC survival model may be useful for stratifying patients with HCC for various clinical treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.1.103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:32:32Z","timestamp":1027751552000},"page":"103-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Hepatocellular carcinoma in Central Europe: prognostic features and survival"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Sch\u00f6niger-Hekele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kutilek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Oesterreicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Ferenci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Gangl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Innere Medizin IV, Klinische Abteilung Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, University of Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903113401001"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850815)56:4<918::AID-CNCR2820560437>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma and prognosis in relation to treatment: study of 850 patients.","volume":"5","author":"Okuda","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90707-2","article-title":"Prognostic factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients undergoing hepatic resection.","volume":"106","author":"Izumi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80122-0"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33297-4","article-title":"Occurrence of Australian antigen in chronic hepatitis in Italy.","volume":"63","author":"Bianchi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200519","article-title":"Pathogenic factors in cirrhosis with and without hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter Italian study.","volume":"20","author":"De Bac","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01297149"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.8","first-page":"3471","article-title":"p53 mutations, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and aflatoxin exposure in hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan.","volume":"57","author":"Lunn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.24.1844"},{"key":"2025120618052548000_48.1.103.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-3-390","article-title":"NIH conference. 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