{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T10:49:30Z","timestamp":1792838970939,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a paucity of data in the literature on the risks associated with, and optimal management of, pregnancy in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>AIMS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess maternal and fetal outcomes in relation to clinical management of pregnancy in a large cohort of patients with well defined AIH.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A review of all known pregnancies in 162 females with definite AIH attending our clinics between 1983 and 1998, with respect to treatment, natural history, and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Thirty one live births (one twin) resulted from 35 pregnancies in 18 women (seven with cirrhosis). Median age at conception was 28 years (range 18\u201336). Two patients presented with AIH de novo during pregnancy. At conception, in 15 pregnancies patients had been receiving azathioprine alone or (in nine) with prednisolone, in seven prednisolone alone, and in one cyclosporin. Fetal loss at \u2a7e20 weeks' gestation occurred in two instances. Flares in disease activity occurred during four pregnancies and within three months of delivery in a further four. Among the 31 children born (median follow up 10 years) only two abnormalities have been identified: Perthes' disease in one and severe mental and physical handicap in a second who was born prematurely following decompensation of the mother's liver disease. Neither mother was receiving azathioprine.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Successful completion of pregnancy is a realistic expectation for patients with well controlled AIH. Treatment options vary, but azathioprine appears to be generally safe and without adverse outcomes for mother or baby. Vigilance is required, however, and patients need to be monitored carefully during pregnancy and for several months post partum.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.1.97","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T06:32:32Z","timestamp":1027751552000},"page":"97-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":205,"title":["Management and outcome of pregnancy in autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"M A","family":"Heneghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J G","family":"O'Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P M","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I G","family":"McFarlane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120225","article-title":"Autoimmunity and liver disease.","volume":"12","author":"Meyer zum B\u00fcschenfelde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180435"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.3","unstructured":"Czaja AJ (1994) Clinical aspects of autoimmune hepatitis in North America. in Autoimmune hepatitis. eds Nishioka M Toda G Zeniya M (Elsevier, Amsterdam), pp 27\u201343."},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(99)80297-9"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91135-0"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33223-8","article-title":"Clinical, biochemical and histological remission of severe chronic active liver disease: a controlled trial of treatments and early prognosis.","volume":"63","author":"Soloway","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067264","article-title":"Controlled prospective trial of corticosteroid therapy in active chronic hepatitis.","volume":"40","author":"Cook","year":"1971","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92125-9","article-title":"Controlled trial of prednisone and azathioprine in active chronic hepatitis.","volume":"1","author":"Murray-Lyon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030510","article-title":"Relapse following treatment withdrawal in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis.","volume":"3","author":"Hegarty","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080414","article-title":"Maintenance of remission in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis with azathioprine after corticosteroid withdrawal.","volume":"8","author":"Stellon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199510123331502"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)91294-4"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.13","first-page":"519","article-title":"Pregnancy in chronic active hepatitis.","volume":"192","author":"Steven","year":"1979","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"2025090712593400000_48.1.97.14","first-page":"214","article-title":"Natural history of chronic active hepatitis. 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