{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:42:53Z","timestamp":1789684973293,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    No population based prospective cohort study has previously assessed the impact of multiple risk factors, including\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, on the incidence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To identify risk factors for PUD and estimate their relative impact on ulcer incidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Subjects:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Random sample of 2416 Danish adults with no history of PU.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sample members were interviewed in 1982 and 1994. PUs diagnosed within the observation period were verified through medical records. Information on psychosocial factors, lifestyle practices, and medication was obtained from a questionnaire completed at study entry.\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status was determined by ELISA.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The main risk factors for PUD were\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (odds ratio 4.3 (95% confidence interval 2.2; 8.3)), tobacco smoking (3.8 (1.7; 9.8)), and use of minor tranquillisers (3.0 (1.4; 6.6)). Intake of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs did not affect the incidence of PUD (0.4 (0.1; 2.3)). In those with increased antibodies to\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    , tobacco smoking (12.7 (2.8; 56.8)) and intake of spirits (2.4 (1.1; 5.4)) increased the risk of PUD whereas moderate leisure time physical activity (0.3 (0.2; 0.7)) protected against PUD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Tobacco smoking and\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection are the main risk factors for PUD in Danish adults. Physical activity may protect against PUD in those infected with\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,10]],"date-time":"2003-01-10T14:05:40Z","timestamp":1042207540000},"page":"186-193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease: a population based prospective cohort study comprising 2416 Danish adults"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Rosenstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O","family":"Bonnevie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400160119023"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009484","volume":"147","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.34.2.116"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.48.2.156"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116319","volume":"135","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00012"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199701000-00002"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1870-1873.1989","volume":"27","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.9","first-page":"6","volume":"29","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00087.x","volume":"11","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.36.6.819"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.6.444"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1992.tb04000.x","volume":"100","year":"1992","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.2.2.156-159.1995","volume":"2","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Diagnostic Lab Immunol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.15","first-page":"24","volume":"33","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025090711521805000_52.2.186.16","unstructured":"Hansen H. 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