{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:23:29Z","timestamp":1773005009830,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> There is no direct evidence for an animal model of <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> induced duodenal ulcer.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold> In this study we evaluated the roles of bacterial strain and age of experimental animals in induction of duodenitis and duodenal ulcer in Mongolian gerbils after <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Specific pathogen free Mongolian gerbils were inoculated orally with three bacterial strains (<jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> ATCC 43504, TN2GF4, and K-6, a clinical isolate from a patient with gastric cancer in our clinic). These strains have both the <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> gene and VacA. Five week old gerbils were used to emulate prematurity infection and 14 week old animals were used as mature test subjects. Animals were observed for 12 weeks after inoculation. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) production in gastric epithelial cells (MKN74) after coculture with the <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> strains was measured by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Gastritis and gastric ulcers were found in all gerbils infected with the three strains. However, duodenitis and gastric metaplasia were seen more frequently in gerbils infected with TN2GF4 and K-6 strains than in the ATCC 43504 infected or control groups (p&lt;0.05). Superficial duodenal ulcers with severe duodenitis and gastric metaplasia were found in two gerbils inoculated at 14 weeks with the TN2GF4 strain but none at five weeks. The TN2GF4 strain stimulated significantly higher levels of IL-8 than ATCC 43504 and K6 strains (p=0.0039).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> When injected into adult Mongolian gerbils, a specific strain (TN2GF4) of <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> can induce duodenitis with gastric metaplasia and superficial duodenal ulcers. Induction of duodenal ulcer in an animal model fulfills the requirements of Koch\u2019s postulates for establishing a role for <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic> as a causative agent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.6.797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,9]],"date-time":"2003-05-09T16:21:23Z","timestamp":1052497283000},"page":"797-803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection induces duodenitis and superficial duodenal ulcer in Mongolian gerbils"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"T","family":"Ohkusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Okayasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, 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