{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T20:59:58Z","timestamp":1791147598293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background and aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is an appetite stimulatory signal from the stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. We examined the effects of the gastric peptide ghrelin and GHS-R antagonists on energy balance and glycaemic control in mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Body weight, fat mass, glucose, insulin, and gene expression of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in white adipose tissue (WAT) were measured after repeated administrations of ghrelin under a high fat diet. Gastric ghrelin gene expression was assessed by northern blot analysis. Energy intake and gastric emptying were measured after administration of GHS-R antagonists. Repeated administration of GHS-R antagonist was continued for six days in\n                    <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic>\n                    obese mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ghrelin induced remarkable adiposity and worsened glycaemic control under a high fat diet. Pair feeding inhibited this effect. Ghrelin elevated leptin mRNA expression and reduced resistin mRNA expression. Gastric ghrelin mRNA expression during fasting was increased by a high fat diet. GHS-R antagonists decreased energy intake in lean mice, in mice with diet induced obesity, and in\n                    <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic>\n                    obese mice; it also reduced the rate of gastric emptying. Repeated administration of GHS-R antagonist decreased body weight gain and improved glycaemic control in\n                    <jats:italic>ob\/ob<\/jats:italic>\n                    obese mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ghrelin appears to be closely related to excess weight gain, adiposity, and insulin resistance, particularly under a high fat diet and in the dynamic stage. Gastric peptide ghrelin and GHS-R may be promising therapeutic targets not only for anorexia-cachexia but also for obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,11]],"date-time":"2003-06-11T14:27:04Z","timestamp":1055341624000},"page":"947-952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":382,"title":["Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in 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