{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:52:36Z","timestamp":1793731956596,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The inner mucus layer in mouse colon normally separates bacteria from the epithelium. Do humans have a similar inner mucus layer and are defects in this mucus layer a common denominator for spontaneous colitis in mice models and ulcerative colitis (UC)?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The colon mucus layer from mice deficient in Muc2 mucin, Core 1\n                      <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                      -glycans, Tlr5, interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Slc9a3 (Nhe3) together with that from dextran sodium sulfate-treated mice was immunostained for Muc2, and bacterial localisation in the mucus was analysed. All murine colitis models revealed bacteria in contact with the epithelium. Additional analysis of the less inflamed IL-10\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice revealed a thicker mucus layer than wild-type, but the properties were different, as the inner mucus layer could be penetrated both by bacteria in vivo and by fluorescent beads the size of bacteria ex vivo. Clear separation between bacteria or fluorescent beads and the epithelium mediated by the inner mucus layer was also evident in normal human sigmoid colon biopsy samples. In contrast, mucus on colon biopsy specimens from patients with UC with acute inflammation was highly penetrable. Most patients with UC in remission had an impenetrable mucus layer similar to that of controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Normal human sigmoid colon has an inner mucus layer that is impenetrable to bacteria. The colon mucus in animal models that spontaneously develop colitis and in patients with active UC allows bacteria to penetrate and reach the epithelium. Thus colon mucus properties can be modulated, and this suggests a novel model of UC pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T22:52:14Z","timestamp":1361400734000},"page":"281-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":956,"title":["Bacteria penetrate the normally impenetrable inner colon mucus layer in both murine colitis models and patients with ulcerative colitis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Malin E V","family":"Johansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny K","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Holm\u00e9n-Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina S","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fayez K","family":"Ghishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic A","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T","family":"Gewirtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Sj\u00f6vall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar C","family":"Hansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06005"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.03.024"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10209"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1102942"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00449.x"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213909"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000179212.80778.d3"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i8.1131","article-title":"Spatial organization of bacterial flora in normal and inflamed intestine: a fluorescence in situ hybridization study in mice","volume":"11","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.6.782"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1006451107"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208483200"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120269109"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9002504"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.098160"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70393-8"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012238"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G430","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2011","article-title":"An ex vivo method for studying mucus formation, properties and thickness in human colonic biopsies and mouse small and large intestinal explants","volume":"302","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amer J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20520"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI45538"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/969"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90207.2008"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90290-H","article-title":"A novel method in the induction of reliable experimental acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"98","author":"Isao","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33084"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80068-P"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5224","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5224-5231.1998","article-title":"Resident enteric bacteria are necessary for development of spontaneous colitis and immune system activation in interleukin-10-deficient mice","volume":"66","author":"Sellon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006073"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.07.004"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132657"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2113"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120562"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.226860"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70381-6"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198908000-00008"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026648812439"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0822-3","article-title":"Composition and functional role of the mucus layers in the intestine","volume":"68","author":"Johansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2025121221444596000_63.2.281.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301956","article-title":"Ischemia-induced mucus barrier loss and bacterial penetration are rapidly counteracted by increased goblet cell secretory activity in human and rat colon","volume":"62","author":"Grootjans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Gut"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:44:52Z","timestamp":1765604692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/gut.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717980829.793526146","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717980829.793526871","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0017-5749","1468-3288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0017-5749","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]}}}