{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:40:45Z","timestamp":1790109645944,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Occupational head exposure to radiation in cardiologists may cause radiation induced cataracts and an increased risk of brain cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To determine the effectiveness of 0.5 mm lead equivalent caps, not previously used in invasive cardiology, in comparison with a 1.0 mm lead equivalent ceiling mounted lead glass screen.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> An anthropomorphic Alderson-Rando phantom was used to represent the patient. Scatter entrance skin air kerma to the operator position (S-ESAK-O) was measured during fluoroscopy for all standard angulations and the S-ESAK-O per dose\u2013area product (DAP) calculated, as applied to the phantom.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Measured mean (SD) left\/right anterior oblique angulation ratios of S-ESAK-O without lead devices were 23.1 (10.1), and varied as a function of tube angulation, body height, and angle of incidence. S-ESAK-O\/DAP decreased with incremental operator body height by 10 (3)% per 10 cm. A 1.0 mm lead glass shield reduced mean S-ESAK-O\/DAP originating from coronary angiography from 1089 (764) to 54 (29) nSv\/Gy \u00d7 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. A 0.5 mm lead cap was effective in lowering measured levels to 1.8 (1.1) nSv\/Gy \u00d7 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. Both devices together enabled attenuation to 0.5 (0.1) nSv\/Gy \u00d7 cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The most advantageous line of vision for protection of the operator\u2019s eyes was \u2a7e 60\u00b0 rightward.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Use of 0.5 mm lead caps proved highly effective, attenuating S-ESAK-O to 2.7 (2.0) \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> of baseline, and to 1.2 (1.4) \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup> of baseline where there was an additional 1.0 mm lead glass shield. These results could vary according to the <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic> ray systems used, catheterisation protocols, and correct use of radiation protection devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.10.1205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,15]],"date-time":"2003-09-15T11:02:35Z","timestamp":1063623755000},"page":"1205-1210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Radiation exposure benefit of a lead cap in invasive cardiology"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Kuon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Birkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J B","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025091922545877000_89.10.1205.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90322-4"},{"key":"2025091922545877000_89.10.1205.2","first-page":"22","volume":"180","year":"1997","journal-title":"Euratom Amtsblatt"},{"key":"2025091922545877000_89.10.1205.3","unstructured":"ICRP. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. 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