{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:55:40Z","timestamp":1790175340705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac adaptation to intense physical exercise is determined by factors including age, gender, body size, sporting discipline and ethnicity. Differentiating physiology from pathological conditions such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is challenging, but relevant, as HCM remains the commonest cause of sudden death in young athletes. Marked electrocardiographic repolarisation changes and echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy have been demonstrated in athletes of black ethnicity. Such changes highlight the overlap between \u2018athlete's heart\u2019 and morphologically mild HCM with potential for false-positive diagnoses and disqualification from competitive sport. The focus of this article is to provide practical considerations in differentiating physiological adaptation to exercise from cardiac pathology in athletes of black ethnicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,7]],"date-time":"2012-07-07T21:00:49Z","timestamp":1341694849000},"page":"1194-1200","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cardiac adaptation in athletes of black ethnicity: differentiating pathology from physiology"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Navin","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198507043130106"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.45.030183.001125"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/eph8802624"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300536"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199101313240504"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.065"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030033028"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(55)90223-0"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90334-4"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6935.1011","article-title":"Racial differences in cardiac structure and function in essential hypertension","volume":"308","author":"Mayet","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20452"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.061"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.13","unstructured":"Lapchick R Matthews K . 1998 Racial and Gender Report Card. Boston, MA: The centre for the study of sport in society, 1999."},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9485.00168"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.03.002"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.189621"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr436","article-title":"Exercise-induced arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: fact or fallacy?","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro Heart J"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02976-5"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2009.168369"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.13.1593"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.064394"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi108"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.181423"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02454-2"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2010.67"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.978-a"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp473"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.054759"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr140"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00618486"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(86)90358-9"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.917211"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-130-1-199901050-00005"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr397","article-title":"Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes","volume":"33","author":"La Gerche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro Heart J"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2011.11.017"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq025"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030045030"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.3.256"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-300400"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02270-2"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.12.008"},{"key":"2025092012542776000_98.16.1194.43","unstructured":"Papadakis M Carre F Kervio G . Ethnic differences in repolarisation patterns and left ventricular remodelling in highly trained male adolescent (14-18 years) athletes. Europrevent 2010. Abstract no. 424."}],"container-title":["Heart"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301798","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T19:54:36Z","timestamp":1758398076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/heart.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301798","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6037","1468-201X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6037","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-201X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]]}}}