{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:55:08Z","timestamp":1781808908328,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/15\/1\/31217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/15\/1\/31217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To estimate the risk of developing cancer in relation to the typical radiation doses received from a range of X-ray guided cardiac catheterisations in children, taking variable survival into account.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Radiation doses were estimated for 2749 procedures undertaken at five UK hospitals using Monte Carlo simulations. The lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer incidence was estimated using models developed by the Biological Effects of Ionising Radiation committee, based on both normal life expectancy, and as a function of attained age, from 20 to 80\u2005years, to take reduced life expectancy into account.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The radiation-related risks from these procedures are dominated by lung and breast cancer (for females). Assuming normal life expectancy, central LAR estimates for cancer incidence, based on median doses, ranged from &lt;1 in 2000 for atrial septal defect occlusions to as high as 1 in 150 for valve replacements. For a reduced life expectancy of 50\u2005years, estimated risks are lower by a factor of around 7. For conditions with especially poor survival (age 20\u2005years), such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, estimated cancer risks attributable to radiation were &lt;1 in 20\u2005000.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on recent UK radiation dose levels, the risk of cancer following cardiac catheterisations is relatively low and strongly modified by survival and the type of procedure. The risk of breast cancer, especially following pulmonary artery angioplasty and valve replacements, is the greatest concern.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-309773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T22:48:43Z","timestamp":1471560523000},"page":"341-346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Survival adjusted cancer risks attributable to radiation exposure from cardiac catheterisations in children"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Richard W","family":"Harbron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire-Louise","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Medical Physics Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne hospitals NHS trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate E","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Institute of Health and Society, Sir James Spence Institute, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.1","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, Volume II, Annex B: Effects of radiation exposure of children. New York: United Nations, 2013."},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140852"},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01822-3"},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.4","unstructured":"United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). UNSCEAR 2006 Report\u2014Effects of ionizing radiation Annex A: United Nations, 2006."},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.5","unstructured":"Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF). Radiation Effects Research Foundation\u2014a brief description, 2008."},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106806"},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61922-X"},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2013.08.005"},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.9","unstructured":"Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Health risks from exposures to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. Washington DC: National Research Council of the National Academies, 2006."},{"key":"2025092005221824000_103.5.341.10","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK . Cancer incidence by age. 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