{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:27:52Z","timestamp":1770737272178,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review summaries the utility, application and data supporting use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to evaluate and quantitate aortic regurgitation. We systematically searched Medline and PubMed for original research articles published since 2000 that provided data on the quantitation of aortic regurgitation by CMR and identified 11 articles for review. Direct aortic measurements using phase contrast allow quantitation of volumetric flow across the aortic valve and are highly reproducible and accurate compared with echocardiography. However, this technique requires diligence in prescribing the correct imaging planes in the aorta. Volumetric analytic techniques using differences in ventricular volumes are also highly accurate but less than phase contrast techniques and only accurate when concomitant valvular disease is absent. Comparison of both aortic and ventricular data for internal data verification ensures fidelity of aortic regurgitant data. CMR data can be applied to many types of aortic valve regurgitation including combined aortic stenosis with regurgitation, congenital valve diseases and post-transcatheter valve placement. CMR also predicts those patients who progress to surgery with high overall sensitivity and specificity. Future studies of CMR in patients with aortic regurgitation to quantify the incremental benefit over echocardiography as well as prediction of cardiovascular events are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,20]],"date-time":"2017-08-20T00:10:16Z","timestamp":1503187816000},"page":"103-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Evaluation of aortic regurgitation with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"James C","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelley R","family":"Branch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hamilton-Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric V","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90870-F"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02381-0"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoghbi WA , Adams D , Bonow RO , et al . Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017;30.doi:10.1016\/j.echo.2017.01.007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2017.01.007"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000503"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishimura RA , Otto CM , Bonow RO , et al . AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2014.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000031"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jet105"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)02604-9"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JCMR-100000142"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.112.975623"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20275"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jev177"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJY15M03_06","article-title":"Evaluation of aortic regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: aortic root angiography in comparison to cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"11","author":"Frick","year":"2016","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.02.038"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-4120-6","article-title":"Quantitating aortic regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: significant variations due to slice location and breath holding","volume":"26","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.05.034"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-016-0277-7","article-title":"Flow measurement at the aortic root - impact of location of through-plane phase contrast velocity mapping","volume":"18","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21395"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr AJ , O\u2019Brien K , Gabriel R , et al . Underestimation of Aortic Flow by CMR in Aortic Stenosis\u2014Implications for Aortic Valve Area Assessment. Heart, Lung and Circulation;18:S57\u2013S8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2009.05.127"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0172-7"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47-54","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.10029","article-title":"Effect of acquisition parameters on the accuracy of velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging blood flow measurements","volume":"15","author":"Greil","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3897-7","article-title":"Real-time phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of haemodynamics: from phantom to patients","volume":"26","author":"Traber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3017-x","article-title":"Direct measurement of aortic regurgitation with phase-contrast magnetic resonance is inaccurate: proposal of an alternative method of quantification","volume":"44","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1544-x"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11102064"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.12.017","article-title":"Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Versus Transthoracic Echocardiography for Prediction of Outcomes in Chronic Aortic or Mitral Regurgitation","volume":"119","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.083600"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.05.059"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10976640600604856"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.325115727"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.946533"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2012.09.003"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60308-7","article-title":"5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Mack","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.1039"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs533"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-015-0134-0"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305615"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305665"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV7I8A12"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000312","article-title":"Improved Semiautomated 4D Flow MRI Analysis in the Aorta in Patients With Congenital Aortic Valve Anomalies Versus Tricuspid Aortic Valves","volume":"40","author":"Schnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0779-7","article-title":"Qualitative grading of aortic regurgitation: a pilot study comparing CMR 4D flow and echocardiography","volume":"32","author":"Chelu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1932-z"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2006.03.100"},{"key":"2020050721414589000_104.2.103.44","first-page":"236","article-title":"Aortic compliance in patients with aortic regurgitation: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Murai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiat Med"}],"container-title":["Heart"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310819","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T14:01:45Z","timestamp":1659362505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/heart.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/heartjnl-2016-310819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6037","1468-201X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6037","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-201X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,19]]}}}