{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T02:26:33Z","timestamp":1772331993149,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012187","name":"St Vincent\u2019s Clinic Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012187","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Covidien Investigator Sponsored Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forced air warming (FAW) during general anaesthesia is a safe and effective intervention used to reduce hypothermia. The objective of this study was to determine if FAW reduces hypothermia when used for procedures performed with sedation in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A parallel-group randomised controlled trial was conducted. Adults receiving sedation in a cardiac catheterisation laboratory at two sites were randomised to receive FAW or usual care, which involved passive warming with heated cotton blankets. Hypothermia, defined as a temperature less than 36\u00b0C measured with a sublingual digital thermometer after procedures, was the primary outcome. Other outcomes were postprocedure temperature, shivering, thermal comfort and major complications.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 140 participants were randomised. Fewer participants who received FAW were hypothermic (39\/70, 56% vs 48\/69, 70%, difference 14%; adjusted RR 0.75, 95% CI=0.60 to 0.94), and body temperature was 0.3\u00b0C higher (95% CI=0.1 to 0.5, p=0.004). FAW increased thermal comfort (63\/70, 90% vs51\/69, 74% difference 16%, RR 1.21, 95% CI=1.04 to 1.42). The incidence of shivering was similar (3\/69, 4% vs 0\/71 0%, difference 4%, 95% CI=\u22121.1 to 9.8). One patient in the control group required reintervention for bleeding. No other major complications occurred.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>FAW reduced hypothermia and improved thermal comfort. The difference in temperature between groups was modest and less than that observed in previous studies where use of FAW decreased risk of surgical complications. Therefore, it should not be considered clinically significant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ACTRN12616000013460.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T08:29:22Z","timestamp":1537172962000},"page":"685-690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Forced air warming during sedation in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Conway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Cardiac Catheter Theatres, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Ersotelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Catheter Laboratory, St Vincent\u2019s Private Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Coffs Harbour Health Campus, Coffs Harbour, Australia"},{"name":"Rural Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jed","family":"Duff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092100341318000_104.8.685.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00981-2"},{"key":"2025092100341318000_104.8.685.2","unstructured":"NICE. The management of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults. UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2008."},{"key":"2025092100341318000_104.8.685.3","first-page":"166","article-title":"Preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia","volume":"112","author":"Torossian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2025092100341318000_104.8.685.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2013.05.003","article-title":"Trends in nurse-administered procedural sedation and analgesia across Australian and New Zealand cardiac catheterisation laboratories: results of an electronic survey","volume":"27","author":"Conway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"key":"2025092100341318000_104.8.685.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2014.07.016","article-title":"A review of the effects of sedation on thermoregulation: insights for the cardiac catheterisation laboratory","volume":"31","author":"Conway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perianesth 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