{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:40:26Z","timestamp":1793814026252,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypothyroidism is a well-known cause of pericardial effusion (with an incidence of 3%\u201337%) and can cause cardiac tamponade in severe cases. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the epidemiology of hypothyroid-induced pericardial diseases, the mechanism through which low thyroid hormone levels affect the pericardium, the associated clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and management options. Hypothyroidism causes pericardial effusion through increased permeability of the epicardial vessels and decreased lymphatic drainage of albumin, resulting in accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space. Interestingly, autoimmunity does not seem to play a major role in the pathophysiology, and a majority of effusions are asymptomatic due to slow fluid accumulation. The diagnosis is generally made when the pericardial disease is associated with an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and other secondary causes are excluded. Management consists of thyroid replacement therapy, along with pericardial drainage in case of tamponade.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In conclusion, hypothyroidism-induced pericardial diseases are underdiagnosed. Initiating treatment early in the disease process and preventing complications relies on early diagnosis through systematic screening per guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T17:30:58Z","timestamp":1554399058000},"page":"1027-1033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Pericardial diseases in patients with hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-4262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Chahine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandra K","family":"Ala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Gentry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Pantalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan L","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00062","article-title":"Physiology of pericardial fluid production and drainage","volume":"6","author":"Vogiatzidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678326"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.3","first-page":"149","article-title":"The many faces of hypothyroidism: a review of two inpatient populations","volume":"103","author":"Redinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ky Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00251364","article-title":"Cardiac function in acute hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Donaghue","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(90)90253-T"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1980.tb03395.x"},{"key":"2025101710033054000_105.13.1027.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.52.5.823","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial effusion in myxedema. 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