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Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital heart defects. Percutaneous VSD closure is more intricate than PFO closure. It is associated with a significant risk of both peri-interventional and mid-term complications. In suitable patients with congenital VSD, device closure may well be the preferred treatment both for muscular or perimembranous VSDs and for residual defects after surgical VSD closure. The risk of complete atrioventricular conduction block remains a concern in the perimembranous group. The history, technique and clinical role of percutaneous PFO and VSD closure are discussed, with emphasis on current problems and future developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.121038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T13:39:56Z","timestamp":1228138796000},"page":"70-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Patent foramen ovale and ventricular septal defect closure"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Wahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)60336-X"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.025700"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.3","first-page":"62","article-title":"Aneurysms of the septum primum in adults.","volume":"102","author":"Silver","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80228-X","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of atrial septal aneurysm by two-dimensional echocardiography: report of 80 consecutive cases.","volume":"6","author":"Hanley","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(91)90539-L","article-title":"Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study.","volume":"18","author":"Pearson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.15.1942"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618124"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90284-R"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.83.2.198"},{"key":"2025092014221728000_95.1.70.10","first-page":"I38","article-title":"Second natural history study of congenital heart defects. 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