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Among the cardiovascular causes of death, cerebrovascular disease is predominant followed by ischaemic heart disease, other heart diseases and hypertensive disease. Of note, cerebrovascular disease is the main cause of death in women, and race also influenced cardiovascular mortality rates. HF is the most important cardiovascular reason for admission to hospital due to cardiovascular disease of ischaemic, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathic, valvular, hypertensive and chagasic aetiologies. Also, mortality due to HF is high, especially owing to Chagas\u2019 disease. HF and aetiologies associated with HF are responsible for 6.3% of deaths. Rheumatic fever is the leading cause of valvular heart disease. The findings have important public health implications because the allocation of healthcare resources, and strategies to reduce the risk of HF should also consider controlling Chagas\u2019 disease and rheumatic fever in South American countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2008.151225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]],"date-time":"2008-10-31T20:26:29Z","timestamp":1225484789000},"page":"181-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Cardiomyopathy, adult valve disease and heart failure in South America"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"E A","family":"Bocchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Tarasoutshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Mangini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Bacal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.590463"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.10.1255"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.1.583"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.2.119"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2616"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.6","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio de Saude. http:\/\/w3.datasus.gov.br\/datasus\/datasus.php (accessed 3 November 2008)."},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.7","unstructured":"Anonymous. http:\/\/www.seade.gov.br (accessed 3 November 2008)."},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188965"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(01)00497-1"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2004.04.016"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8651(05)70242-3"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.12","first-page":"20","article-title":"Hospital costs analysis of heart failure with preserved versus depressed systolic function.","volume":"76","author":"Giorgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Argent Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X1998000700004","article-title":"Insufici\u00eancia card\u00edaca em grande hospital terci\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Paulo.","volume":"71","author":"Barreto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.14","first-page":"53","article-title":"The prevalence, etiology, and treatment of congestive heart failure in Antigua and Barbuda.","volume":"67","author":"McSwain","year":"1999","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.03.010"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2004000200003","article-title":"Epidemiology of decompensated heart failure in the city of Niter\u00f3i \u2013 EPICA\u2013Niter\u00f3i Project.","volume":"82","author":"Tavares","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.04.006","article-title":"Health outcomes in decompensated congestive heart failure: a comparison of tertiary hospitals in Brazil and United States.","volume":"102","author":"Rohde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.18","first-page":"400","article-title":"Decompensated heart failure in the emergency department.","volume":"90","author":"Mangini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"key":"2025092006300071000_95.3.181.19","first-page":"201","article-title":"Levosimendan in decompensated heart failure patients: efficacy in a Brazilian cohort. 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