{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:38:22Z","timestamp":1787017102146,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.40.8.923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T17:46:00Z","timestamp":1190137560000},"page":"923-930","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Characterisation of heart rate response to exercise in the sick sinus syndrome."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"W","family":"Holden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J H","family":"McAnulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S H","family":"Rahimtoola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90829-4","article-title":"Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction","volume":"62","author":"Abbott, J.A.; Hirshfeld, D.S.; Kunkel, F.W.; Scheinman, M.M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Abbott, J. A., Hirshfeld, D. S., Kunkel, F. W., and Scheinman, M. M. (1977). Graded exercise testing in patients with sinus node dysfunction. American,Journal of Medicine, 62, 330-338.","journal-title":"American, Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","author":"Astrand, P.-O.; Cuddy, T.; Saltin, B.; Stenberg, J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Astrand, P-O., Cuddy, T., Saltin, B., and Stenberg, J. (1964)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1964.19.2.268","article-title":"Cardiac output during submaximal amd maximal work","volume":"19","unstructured":"Cardiac output during submaximal amd maximal work. Journal of Applied Physiology, 19, 268-274.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"\"pp. 157","article-title":"Textbook of Work Physiology","volume":"54","author":"Astrand, P.-O.; Rodahl, K.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Astrand, P-O., and Rodahl, K. (1970). Textbook of Work Physiology, pp. 157-158. McGraw-Hill, New York. Benditt, D. F., Strauss, H. C., Scheinman, M. M., Behar, V. S., and Wallace, A. G. (1976). Analysis of secondary pauses following termination of rapid atrial pacing in man. Circulation, 54, 436-441.","journal-title":"Circulation; Analysis of secondary pauses following termination of rapid atrial pacing in man"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"292","article-title":"Mechanisms of Contraction of the Normal and Failing Heart","author":"Braunwald, E.; Ross, Jr., J.; Sonnenblick, E.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Braunwald, E., Ross, J., Jr., and Sonnenblick, E. (1976). Mechanisms of Contraction of the Normal and Failing Heart, pp. 292-308. Little Brown, Boston."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(73)90502-4","article-title":"Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease","volume":"85","author":"Bruce, R.A.; Kusmi, F.; Hosmer, D.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bruce, R. A., Kusmi, F., and Hosmer, D. (1973). Maximal oxygen intake and nomographic assessment of functional aerobic impairment in cardiovascular disease. American Heart Journal, 85, 546-562.","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1208","article-title":"Behavior of stroke volume at rest and during exercise in human beings","volume-title":"J7ournal of Clinical Investigation","volume":"39","author":"Chapman, C.B.; Fisher, J.N.; Sproule, B.J.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Chapman, C. B., Fisher, J. N., and Sproule, B. J. (1960). Behavior of stroke volume at rest and during exercise in human beings. J7ournal of Clinical Investigation, 39, 1208-1213."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"333","author":"Consolazio, C.; Johnson, R.; Marek, E.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Consolazio, C., Johnson, R., and Marek, E. (1951). Metabolic Methods, pp. 333-337.","journal-title":"Metabolic Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.24.5.700","article-title":"Limitations to the prediction of maximum oxygen intake from cardiac frequency measurements","volume":"24","author":"Davis, C.T.M.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Davis, C. T. M. (1968). Limitations to the prediction of maximum oxygen intake from cardiac frequency measurements. Journal of Applied Physiology, 24, 700-706.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.64.1.55","article-title":"Normal conduction intervals and responses in 61 patients using His bundle recording and atrial pacing","volume":"64","author":"Dhingra, R.C.; Rosen, K.M.; Rahimtoola, S.H.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Dhingra, R. C., Rosen, K. M., and Rahimtoola, S. H. (1973). Normal conduction intervals and responses in 61 patients using His bundle recording and atrial pacing. Chest, 64, 55-59.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1963.205.2.393","article-title":"Response to exercise in dogs with cardiac denervation","volume":"205","author":"Donald, D.E.; Shepherd, J.T.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Donald, D. E., and Shepherd, J. T. (1963). Response to exercise in dogs with cardiac denervation. American Journal of Physiology, 205, 393-400.","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"877","article-title":"Defective cardiac parasympathetic control in patients with heart disease. New England J7ournal of","volume":"285","author":"Eckberg, D.L.; Drabinsky, M.; Braunwald, E.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Eckberg, D. L., Drabinsky, M., and Braunwald, E. (1971). Defective cardiac parasympathetic control in patients with heart disease. New England J7ournal of Medicine, 285, 877-883.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"37","author":"Ellestad, M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ellestad, M. (1975). Stress Testing, pp. 37-40. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia.","journal-title":"Stress Testing"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.35.6.1049","article-title":"Characterization of the circulatory response to maximal upright exercise in normal subjects and patients with heart disease","volume":"35","author":"Epstein, S.E.; Beiser, G.D.; Stampfer, M.; Robinson, B.F.; Braunwald, E.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Epstein, S. E., Beiser, G. D., Stampfer, M., Robinson, B. F., and Braunwald, E. (1967). Characterization of the circulatory response to maximal upright exercise in normal subjects and patients with heart disease. Circulation, 35, 1049-1062.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.33.5.742","article-title":"Sinus bradycardia","volume":"33","author":"Erant, D.; Shaw, D.B.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Erant, D., and Shaw, D. B. (1971). Sinus bradycardia. British Heart Journal, 33, 742-749.","journal-title":"British Heart Journal"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1968.03150030101028","article-title":"The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease","volume":"206","author":"Ferrer, M.I.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ferrer, M. I. (1968). The sick sinus syndrome in atrial disease. _journal of the American Medical Association, 206, 645-646.","journal-title":"_journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.47.3.635","article-title":"The sick sinus syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Ferrer, M.I.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ferrer, M. I. (1973). The sick sinus syndrome. Circulation, 47, 635-641.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"187","volume":"Circulation,","author":"Folkow, B.; Neil, E.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Folkow, B., and Neil, E. (1971). Circulation, pp. 187-188."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1972.00320050056006","article-title":"Slow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death in middle aged men","volume":"129","author":"York. Hinkle, Jr., L.E.; Carver, S.T.; Plakun, A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Oxford University Press, New York. Hinkle, L. E., Jr., Carver, S. T., and Plakun, A. (1972). Slow heart rates and increased risk of cardiac death in middle aged men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 129, 732-748.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/4.2.160","article-title":"The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man","volume":"4","author":"Jose, A.D.; Collison, D.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Jose, A. D., and Collison, D. (1970). The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovascular Research, 4, 160-167.","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Research"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Autonomic blockage by propranolol and atropine to study intrinsic myocardial function in man","volume-title":"J7ournal of Clinical Investigation","volume":"48","author":"Jose, A.D.; Taylor, R.R.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Jose, A. D., and Taylor, R. R. (1969). Autonomic blockage by propranolol and atropine to study intrinsic myocardial function in man. J7ournal of Clinical Investigation, 48, 2019-2031."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(73)90302-0","article-title":"Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (so-called 'sick sinus syndrome')","volume":"31","author":"Kaplan, B.M.; Langendorf, R.; Lev, M.; Pick, A.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kaplan, B. M., Langendorf, R., Lev, M., and Pick, A. (1973). Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (so-called 'sick sinus syndrome'). American journal of Cardiology, 31, 497-508.","journal-title":"American journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.4.761","article-title":"Assessment of sinus node function in patients with the sick sinus syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Mandel, W.J.; Hayakawa, H.; Allen, H.N.; Danzig, R.; Kermaier, A.I.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Mandel, W. J., Hayakawa, H., Allen, H. N., Danzig, R., and Kermaier, A. I. (1972). Assessment of sinus node function in patients with the sick sinus syndrome. Circulation, 46, 761-769.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1975.00330030038004","article-title":"Sinus node function","volume":"135","author":"Mandel, W.J.; Laks, M.M.; Obayashi, K.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mandel, W. J., Laks, M. M., and Obayashi, K. (1975). Sinus node function. Archives of Internal Medicine, 135, 388-394.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"\"521","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-82-4-521","article-title":"Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes","volume":"82","author":"Morganroth, J.; Maron, B.J.; Henry, W.L.; Epstein, S.E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Morganroth, J., Maron, B. J., Henry, W. L., and Epstein, S. E. (1975). Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes. Annals of Internal Medicine, 82, 521-524. National Council of the Y.M.C.A. (1975). YMCAardiac therapy: A program of medically prescribed treatment and supervised exercise for coronary patients. New York Heart Association, Criteria Committee (1973). Disease of the Heart and Blood Vessels: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis, pp. 80-81. Little, Brown, Boston.","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine; YMCAardiac therapy: A program of medically prescribed treatment and supervised exercise for coronary patients"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.19.2.400","article-title":"Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system. Studies in man on interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise","volume":"19","author":"Robinson, B.F.; Epstein, S.E.; Beiser, G.D.; Braunwald, E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Robinson, B. F., Epstein, S. E., Beiser, G. D., and Braunwald, E. (1966). Control of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system. Studies in man on interrelation between baroreceptor mechanisms and exercise. Circulation Research, 19, 400-411.","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.43.6.836","article-title":"Cardiac conduction in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease","volume":"43","author":"Rosen, K.M.; Loeb, H.S.; Sinno, M.Z.; Rahimtoola, S.H.; Gunnar, R.M.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rosen, K. M., Loeb, H. S., Sinno, M. Z., Rahimtoola, S. H., and Gunnar, R. M. (1971). Cardiac conduction in patients with symptomatic sinus node disease. Circulation, 43, 836-844.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.32.4.549","article-title":"Effects of changing heart rate in man by electrical stimulation of the right atrium","volume":"32","author":"Ross, Jr., J.J.; Linhart, J.W.; Braunwald, E.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Ross, J. J., Jr., Linhart, J. W., and Braunwald, E. (1965). Effects of changing heart rate in man by electrical stimulation of the right atrium. Circulation, 32, 549-558.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.46.1.5","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of the sick sinus syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Rubenstein, J.J.; Schulman, C.L.; Yurchak, P.M.; DeSantis, R.W.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Rubenstein, J. J., Schulman, C. L., Yurchak, P. M., and DeSantis, R. W. (1972). Clinical spectrum of the sick sinus syndrome. Circulation, 46, 5-13.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.16.2.208","article-title":"The syndrome of alternating bradycardia and tachycardia","volume":"16","author":"Short, D.S.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Short, D. S. (1954). The syndrome of alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. British Heart_Journal, 16, 208-214.","journal-title":"British Heart_Journal"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"47","article-title":"Premature atrial stimulation as a key to the understanding of sinoatrial conduction in man. Presentation of the data and critical review of the literature. Circulation","author":"Strauss, H.C.; Saroff, A.L.; Bigger, Jr., J.T.; Giardina, E.G.V.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Strauss, H. C., Saroff, A. L., Bigger, J. T., Jr., and Giardina, E. G. V. (1973). Premature atrial stimulation as a key to the understanding of sinoatrial conduction in man. Presentation of the data and critical review of the literature. Circulation, 47,86-93."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(77)80070-7","article-title":"Pathology of sino-atrial node. Correlations with electrocardiographic findings in 111 patients","volume":"93","author":"Thery, C.; Gosselin, B.; Lekieffre, J.; Warembourg, H.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Thery, C., Gosselin, B., Lekieffre, J., and Warembourg, H. (1977). Pathology of sino-atrial node. Correlations with electrocardiographic findings in 111 patients. American Heart Journal, 93, 735-740.","journal-title":"American Heart Journal"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1051","article-title":"The effect of changes in posture and of graded exercise on stroke volume","volume-title":"man. J7ournal of Clinical Investigation","volume":"39","author":"Wang, Y.; Marshall, R.J.; Shepherd, J.T.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Marshall, R. J., and Shepherd, J. T. (1960). The effect of changes in posture and of graded exercise on stroke volume in man. J7ournal of Clinical Investigation, 39, 1051-1061."}],"container-title":["Heart"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/hrt.40.8.923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T20:50:09Z","timestamp":1601067009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/heart.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/hrt.40.8.923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1978,8,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1978,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/hrt.40.8.923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6037","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1978,8,1]]}}}