{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:46:52Z","timestamp":1791672412740,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Heart"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.73.3.284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,18]],"date-time":"2007-09-18T21:46:00Z","timestamp":1190151960000},"page":"284-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Endomyocardial fibrosis in Egypt: an illustrated review."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Hassanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. A.","family":"Zeina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis","volume-title":"disease","author":"Wynne, J.; Braunwald, E.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wynne J, Braunwald E. Endomyocardial fibrosis. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart disease. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992:1422-3.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"154","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis: clinical features. Postgrad MedJ3","volume":"59","author":"Goodwin, J.F.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Goodwin JF. Endomyocardial fibrosis: clinical features. Postgrad MedJ3 1983;59:154-5."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"142","article-title":"Epidemiology aspect of endomyocardial fibrosis","volume":"59","author":"Hut, M.S.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hut MSR. Epidemiology aspect of endomyocardial fibrosis. PostgradMedJ 1985;59:142-4.","journal-title":"PostgradMedJ"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"52","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis, early and late results of surgery in 20 patients","volume":"83","author":"Metras, D.; Coulibaly, A.Q.; Quattra, K.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Metras D, Coulibaly AQ, Quattra K, et al. Endomyocardial fibrosis, early and late results of surgery in 20 patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;83:52-64.","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80444-7","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis: report of eight cases","volume":"5","author":"Fawzy, M.E.; Ziady, G.; Halim, M.; Guindy, R.; Mercer, E.N.; Fetieh, N.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fawzy ME, Ziady G, Halim M, Guindy R, Mercer EN, Fetieh N. Endomyocardial fibrosis: report of eight cases. JAm Coll Cardiol 1985;5:983-8.","journal-title":"JAm Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.53.2.159","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis: diagnosis and surgical treatment of two cases occurring in the United States","volume":"53","author":"Moodie, D.S.; Baum, J.E.; Gill, C.C.; Ratliff, N.B.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Moodie DS, Baum JE, Gill CC, Ratliff NB. Endomyocardial fibrosis: diagnosis and surgical treatment of two cases occurring in the United States. Cleveland Clinical Quarterly 1986;53:159-70.","journal-title":"Cleveland Clinical Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"337","article-title":"The pathology of endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda","volume":"17","author":"Davis, J.N.P.; Ball, J.D.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Davis JNP, Ball JD. The pathology of endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda. BrHeartJ 1955;17:337-59.","journal-title":"BrHeartJ"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"229","article-title":"A profile of endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian J3 Pediatr","volume":"54","author":"Valiathan, M.S.; Balakrishnan, K.G.; Kartha, C.C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Valiathan MS, Balakrishnan KG, Kartha CC. A profile of endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian J3 Pediatr 1987;54: 229-36."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"687","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davis'","volume":"74","author":"Connor, D.H.; Somers, K.; Hutt, M.S.R.; Manion, W.C.; D'Arbela, P.G.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Connor DH, Somers K, Hutt MSR, Manion WC, D'Arbela PG. Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davis' disease). I. Epidemiology, clinical and pathologic study. Am HeartJ 1967;74:687-709.","journal-title":"disease). I. Epidemiology, clinical and pathologic study. Am HeartJ"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"107","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davis'","volume":"75","author":"Connor, D.H.; Somers, K.; Hutt, M.S.R.; Manion, W.C.; D'Arbela, P.G.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Connor DH, Somers K, Hutt MSR, Manion WC, D'Arbela PG. Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davis' disease). Part II. Am HeartJY. 1968;75:107-24.","journal-title":"disease). Part II. Am HeartJY"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"813","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Andrade, Z.A.; Guimaraes, A.C.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Andrade ZA, Guimaraes AC. Endomyocardial fibrosis in Bahia, Brazil. BrHeartJ 1964;26:813-20.","journal-title":"BrHeartJ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.39.5.563","article-title":"Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis in India","volume":"39","author":"Vijayaraghavan, G.; Cherian, G.; Krishnaswami, S.; Sukumar, I.P.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Vijayaraghavan G, Cherian G, Krishnaswami S, Sukumar IP. Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis in India. Br HeartJ 1977;39:563-8.","journal-title":"Br HeartJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(90)90002-M","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis-the possible connexion with myocardial levels of magnesium and cerium","volume":"28","author":"Valiathan, M.S.; Kartha, C.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Valiathan MS, Kartha CC. Endomyocardial fibrosis-the possible connexion with myocardial levels of magnesium and cerium. Int _f Cardiol 1990;28:1-5.","journal-title":"Int _f Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"79","article-title":"The role of thorium in endomyocardial fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol","volume":"9","author":"Singh, N.P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Singh NP. The role of thorium in endomyocardial fibrosis. Hum Exp Toxicol 1990;9:79-82."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/23.7.647","article-title":"A geochemical basis for endomyocardial fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Valiathan, M.S.; Kartha, C.C.; Eapan, J.T.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Valiathan MS, Kartha CC, Eapan JT, et al. A geochemical basis for endomyocardial fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 1989; 23:647-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(85)90008-8","article-title":"Relation between eosinophilia and endomyocardial disease","volume":"27","author":"Olsen, E.G.J.; Spry, C.J.F.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Olsen EGJ, Spry CJF. Relation between eosinophilia and endomyocardial disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985;27: 241-54.","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref_17","first-page":"28","article-title":"Endocardial disease and eosinophilia. A clinical and pathologic spectrum","volume":"1969","author":"Roberts, W.C.; Liegler, D.G.; Carbone, P.P.","unstructured":"Roberts WC, Liegler DG, Carbone PP. Endocardial disease and eosinophilia. A clinical and pathologic spectrum. Am jMed 1969;46:28-42.","journal-title":"Am jMed"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1342","article-title":"Malarial antibodies and autoantibodies to heart and other tissues in the immigrant and indigenous peoples of Uganda","volume":"i:","author":"Shaper, A.G.; Kaplan, M.H.; Foster, W.D.; Macintosh, D.M.; Wilks, N.E.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Shaper AG, Kaplan MH, Foster WD, Macintosh DM, Wilks NE. Malarial antibodies and autoantibodies to heart and other tissues in the immigrant and indigenous peoples of Uganda. Lancet 1968;i: 1342-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"309-2","key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical features of endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle","volume":"30","author":"Somers, M.K.; Brenton, D.P.; Sood, N.K.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Somers MK, Brenton DP, Sood NK. Clinical features of endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle. Br Heart J 1968;30:309-2 1.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"329","article-title":"Right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis: diagnosis and management","volume-title":"Jpn Heart3","volume":"31","author":"Stierle, U.; Tarbiat, S.; Nazarian, I.; Aryanpur, I.; Sheikhzadeh, A.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Stierle U, Tarbiat S, Nazarian I, Aryanpur I, Sheikhzadeh A. Right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis: diagnosis and management. Jpn Heart3 1990;31:329-39."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"450","article-title":"Echocardiographic features of tropical endomyocardial disease in South India","volume":"50","author":"Vijayaraghavan, G.; Davis, J.; Sadanandan, S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vijayaraghavan G, Davis J, Sadanandan S, et al. Echocardiographic features of tropical endomyocardial disease in South India. BrHeartJ 1983;50:450-9.","journal-title":"BrHeartJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(90)90297-I","article-title":"Right-sided endomyocardial fibrosis: an unusual morphological type","volume":"27","author":"Chopra, P.; Dave, T.H.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chopra P, Dave TH. Right-sided endomyocardial fibrosis: an unusual morphological type. Int J Cardiol 1990;27: 383-5.","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"659","article-title":"Endomyocardial fibrosis: report on the hemodynamic data in 29 patients and review of the results of surgery. Am Heart J'","volume":"105","author":"Cherian, G.; Vijayaraghavan, G.; Krishnaswami, S.; Sukumar, I.P.; John, S.; Jairaj, P.S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cherian G, Vijayaraghavan G, Krishnaswami S, Sukumar IP, John S, Jairaj PS, et al. Endomyocardial fibrosis: report on the hemodynamic data in 29 patients and review of the results of surgery. Am Heart J' 1983; 105:659-66."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"294","article-title":"Hemodynamics in endomyocardial fibrosis. Am HeartJ'","volume":"88","author":"Guimaraes, A.C.; Santos Filho, A.; Esteves, J.P.; Vinhaes, L.S.A.; Abreu, W.N.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Guimaraes AC, Santos Filho A, Esteves JP, Vinhaes LSA, Abreu WN. Hemodynamics in endomyocardial fibrosis. Am HeartJ' 1980;88:294-303."},{"issue":"30","key":"ref_25","first-page":"322","article-title":"Haemodynamic features of severe endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle including comparison with constrictive pericarditis","volume":"1968","author":"Somers, K.; Brenton, D.P.; D'Arabela, P.G.; Foler, J.M.; Kanyerezi, B.R.; Sood, N.K.","unstructured":"Somers K, Brenton DP, D'Arabela PG, Foler JM, Kanyerezi BR, Sood NK. Haemodynamic features of severe endomyocardial fibrosis of the right ventricle including comparison with constrictive pericarditis. Br HeartJ 1968;30:322-31.","journal-title":"Br HeartJ"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"192","article-title":"Angiocardiography of endomyocardial fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Cockshott, W.P.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Cockshott WP. Angiocardiography of endomyocardial fibrosis. Br HeartJ 1965;38:192-200.","journal-title":"Br HeartJ"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.33.6.822","article-title":"Endomyocardial biopsy in diagnosis of cardiomyopathies","volume":"33","author":"Somers, K.; Hutt, M.S.R.; Patel, A.K.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Somers K, Hutt MSR, Patel AK, et al. Endomyocardial biopsy in diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. Br Heart J 1971;33:822-32.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(96)90007-6","article-title":"Histomorphologic characteristics of endomyocardial fibrosis: an endomyocardial biopsy study","volume":"21","author":"Chopra, P.; Narula, J.; Talwar, K.K.; Kumar, V.; Bhatia, L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chopra P, Narula J, Talwar KK, Kumar V, Bhatia L. Histomorphologic characteristics of endomyocardial fibrosis: an endomyocardial biopsy study. Hum Pathol 1990;21:613-6.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"Report of three cases of endomyocardial fibrosis with unusual patterns of endocarditis and pericarditis: echocardiographic-histopathologic correlates","author":"Ayman, M.; Rashwan, M.A.; Ashour, S.; Hasanein, M.; Nanda, N.C.; Winokur, T.S.","unstructured":"Ayman M, Rashwan MA, Ashour S, Hasanein M, Nanda NC, Winokur TS. Report of three cases of endomyocardial fibrosis with unusual patterns of endocarditis and pericarditis: echocardiographic-histopathologic correlates. Echocardiography (in press)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90227-X","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the pericardium","volume":"73","author":"der Horst R, Van","year":"1979","unstructured":"Van der Horst R. Schistosomiasis of the pericardium. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1979;73:243-4.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.305","article-title":"Pathogenesis of schistosomal pulmonary arteritis","volume":"19","author":"Andrade, Z.A.; Andrade, S.G.","year":"1970","unstructured":"Andrade ZA, Andrade SG. Pathogenesis of schistosomal pulmonary arteritis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1970;19: 305-10.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1968.17.38","article-title":"A quantitative post mortem study of schistosomiasis mansoni in man","volume":"17","author":"Cheever, A.W.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cheever AW. A quantitative post mortem study of schistosomiasis mansoni in man. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 17:38-64.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"38","article-title":"The incidence of heart disease and disorders in Egypt","volume":"17","author":"Girgis, B.; Baragan, J.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Girgis B, Baragan J. The incidence of heart disease and disorders in Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association 1953;17:38-64.","journal-title":"Journal of the Egyptian Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.27.3.355","article-title":"Electrocardiogram of right ventricular hypertrophy in bilharzial cor pulmonale","volume":"27","author":"Badawi, H.; Nomeir, A.M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Badawi H, Nomeir AM. Electrocardiogram of right ventricular hypertrophy in bilharzial cor pulmonale. Br Heart J 1975;27:355-69.","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"issue":"50","key":"ref_35","first-page":"166","article-title":"Histopathology of fatal myocarditis due to ectopic schistosomiasis","volume":"1969","author":"AlZahawi, S.; Shukri, N.","unstructured":"AlZahawi S, Shukri N. Histopathology of fatal myocarditis due to ectopic schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1969;50:166-8.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"165","article-title":"Eggs of schistosoma japonicum in the human heart. Quoted by Faust EC. An inquiry into the ectopic lesions in schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Africa, C.M.; Santa-Cruz, J.Z.","year":"1948","unstructured":"Africa CM, Santa-Cruz JZ. Eggs of schistosoma japonicum in the human heart. Quoted by Faust EC. An inquiry into the ectopic lesions in schistosomiasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine 1948;28:165-99.","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref_37","first-page":"34","article-title":"Unusual site of schistosome worm in the circumflex branch of left coronary artery","volume":"1939","author":"Gazayerli, M.","unstructured":"Gazayerli M. Unusual site of schistosome worm in the circumflex branch of left coronary artery. Joumnal of the Egyptian MedicalAssociation 1939;22:34-7.","journal-title":"Joumnal of the Egyptian MedicalAssociation"},{"issue":"46","key":"ref_38","first-page":"401","article-title":"The pathogenesis of pulmonary schistosomiasis in Egypt with special reference to Ayerza disease","volume":"1938","author":"Shaw, A.F.B.; Ghareeb, A.A.","unstructured":"Shaw AFB, Ghareeb AA. The pathogenesis of pulmonary schistosomiasis in Egypt with special reference to Ayerza disease. Joumal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1938; 46:401-24.","journal-title":"Joumal of Pathology and Bacteriology"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"55","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium infections in Egypt. m","volume":"27","author":"Cheever, A.W.; Kamel, I.S.; Elwi, A.M.; Mosiamann, J.E.; Danner, R.; Sippel, J.E.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Cheever AW, Kamel IS, Elwi AM, Mosiamann JE, Danner R, Sippel JE. Schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium infections in Egypt. m. Extrahepatic pathology. Am 7 TropMed Hyg 1978;27:55-75.","journal-title":"Extrahepatic pathology. Am 7 TropMed Hyg"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"242","article-title":"Changing pattern of schistosomiasis in Egypt","volume":"ii:","author":"MF, Abdel Wahab; GT, Strickland; A, ElSahly; N, ElKady; S, Zakria; L, Ahmed","year":"1979","unstructured":"Abdel Wahab MF, Strickland GT, ElSahly A, ElKady N, Zakria S, Ahmed L. Changing pattern of schistosomiasis in Egypt. Lancet 1979;ii:242-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"270","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in Qualiub, Egypt","volume":"26","author":"MA, El Alamy; B, Chine","year":"1977","unstructured":"El Alamy MA, Chine B. Prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in Qualiub, Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1977; 26:270-2.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.86","article-title":"Diagnosis of pathologically confirmed Symmers' periportal fibrosis by ultrasonography: a prospective blinded study","volume":"38","author":"Homeida, M.A.; Abdel Gadir, A.F.; Cheever, A.W.; Bennet, A.A.; Nash, T.E.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Homeida MA, Abdel Gadir AF, Cheever AW, Bennet AA, Nash TE. Diagnosis of pathologically confirmed Symmers' periportal fibrosis by ultrasonography: a prospective blinded study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988;38: 86-91.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"978","article-title":"Liver collagen synthesis","volume-title":"schistosomiasis mansoni. Gastroenterology 1979","volume":"76","author":"Dunn, M.A.; Kamel, R.; Kamel, I.A.; Biempica, L.; ElKholy, A.; Hait, P.K.","unstructured":"Dunn MA, Kamel R, Kamel IA, Biempica L, ElKholy A, Hait PK, et al. Liver collagen synthesis in schistosomiasis mansoni. Gastroenterology 1979;76:978-82."}],"container-title":["Heart"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/hrt.73.3.284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T01:07:25Z","timestamp":1601082445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/heart.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/hrt.73.3.284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/hrt.73.3.284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6037","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,3,1]]}}}