{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T08:27:22Z","timestamp":1793953642120,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study examined the impact of transportation infrastructure at intersection and non-intersection locations on bicycling injury risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Vancouver and Toronto, we studied adult cyclists who were injured and treated at a hospital emergency department. A case\u2013crossover design compared the infrastructure of injury and control sites within each injured bicyclist's route. Intersection injury sites (N=210) were compared to randomly selected intersection control sites (N=272). Non-intersection injury sites (N=478) were compared to randomly selected non-intersection control sites (N=801).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At intersections, the types of routes meeting and the intersection design influenced safety. Intersections of two local streets (no demarcated traffic lanes) had approximately one-fifth the risk (adjusted OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.66) of intersections of two major streets (more than two traffic lanes). Motor vehicle speeds less than 30\u2005km\/h also reduced risk (adjusted OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.92). Traffic circles (small roundabouts) on local streets increased the risk of these otherwise safe intersections (adjusted OR 7.98, 95% CI 1.79 to 35.6). At non-intersection locations, very low risks were found for cycle tracks (bike lanes physically separated from motor vehicle traffic; adjusted OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.59) and local streets with diverters that reduce motor vehicle traffic (adjusted OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.60). Downhill grades increased risks at both intersections and non-intersections.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results provide guidance for transportation planners and engineers: at local street intersections, traditional stops are safer than traffic circles, and at non-intersections, cycle tracks alongside major streets and traffic diversion from local streets are safer than no bicycle infrastructure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,14]],"date-time":"2013-02-14T21:46:03Z","timestamp":1360878363000},"page":"303-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Comparing the effects of infrastructure on bicycling injury at intersections and non-intersections using a case\u2013crossover design"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M Anne","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Occupational and Public Health, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor C O","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Cripton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Cusimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery and Injury Prevention Research Office, Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery and Education and Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 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