{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:29:40Z","timestamp":1788586180534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004421","name":"World Bank Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reliable data on traffic deaths are important for planning road safety programmes and evaluating progress. Although pedestrians comprise approximately 40% of traffic deaths in low-income and middle-income countries, official government statistics in India suggest that pedestrians comprise less than 10% of deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the accuracy of official tabulations of traffic deaths among various road users in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed police first information reports (FIRs) of traffic deaths in one district (Belgaum) in 2013 and 2014 and extracted information about crash victims. We validated the FIRs by linking with case files from four police stations in the district. Finally, we compared the information on types of road users killed based on FIRs with the district's official tabulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that the distribution of deaths by types of road users reported in official tabulations differed substantially from the underlying police reports. While official tabulations reported that only 9% of deaths in 2013 were pedestrians and 37% were riders of motorised two wheelers, FIRs showed that these groups accounted for 21% and 49% of deaths, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Official tabulations of traffic deaths in India do not correctly represent the types of roads users killed. Until the Indian National Crime Records Bureau has corrected the process of generating statistical tabulations from police reports, data on the types of road users killed in India should not be used for research and policy. In the interim, researchers and policy makers who need such information should extract it from police case files.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T23:13:00Z","timestamp":1469488380000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Official government statistics of road traffic deaths in India under-represent pedestrians and motorised two wheeler riders"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kavi","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Khurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipan","family":"Bose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Road Safety Facility, World Bank, Washington DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumari Vinodhani","family":"Navaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Nutrition and Population Global Practice, South Asia Region, World Bank, Colombo, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9302-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetam","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology\u2014Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology\u2014Delhi, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.1","unstructured":"National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental deaths and suicides in India\u20142014. New Delhi, India: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2015."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.2","unstructured":"Mohan D , Tiwari G , Bhalla K . Road Safety in India: Status Report. Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Program, Indian Institute of Technology\u2014Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi. 2016."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.3","unstructured":"IRTAD. Reporting on serious road traffic casualties. Geneva: International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group, International Transport Forum, 2011."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.4","unstructured":"National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental deaths and suicides in India\u20142013. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, 2014."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2015-041616"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization, Geneva, 2015."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.7","unstructured":"Mohan D , Tsimhoni O , Sivak M , et al . Road safety in India: challenges and opportunities. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2009."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2011.636780"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(85)90006-5"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2016.02.001"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqvi HM , Tiwari G . Accident Analysis of a Two-lane National Highway in India. Paper No. 2015-26-0162. SAE International, 2015.","DOI":"10.4271\/2015-26-0162"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.12","unstructured":"Naqvi HM , Tiwari G . Risk factors for fatal pedestrian crashes on national highways in India. Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting; 2016:PaperNo.16-PaperNo.4612."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002621"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2014.945465"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.15","first-page":"74","article-title":"Deaths due to road traffic crashes in Hyderabad city in India: need for strengthening surveillance","volume":"17","author":"Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2011.603149"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.66876"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.18","unstructured":"Aeron-Thomas A , Jacobs GD , Sexton B , et al . The involvement and impact of road crashes on the poor: Bangladesh and India case studies. TRL Limited, 2004."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.19","first-page":"30","article-title":"Epidemiologic profile of road traffic accident cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital: a retrospective study in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Med Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/0971097320050203","article-title":"Fatal road traffic accidents, study of distribution, nature and type of injury","volume":"27","author":"Kual","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2012.02.031"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.22","first-page":"20","article-title":"Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases: a study from South India","volume":"XXIX","author":"Jha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/tmr.2007.142.148"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.24","first-page":"53","article-title":"Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in Rohtak (Haryana)","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.25","first-page":"53","article-title":"An epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases at a tertiary care hospital in rural Haryana","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Community Health"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.26","first-page":"56","article-title":"Pattern of road traffic injuries: a study from western Maharashtra","volume":"33","author":"Patil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Community Health"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4066\/AMJ.2013.1839"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.28","first-page":"6","article-title":"Epidemiology of road traffic injuries in Delhi: result of a survey","volume":"8","author":"Verma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reg Health Forum WHO Southeast Asia Reg"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0971097320050309","article-title":"An epidemiological study of road traffic accident victims in medicolegal autopsies","volume":"27","author":"Singh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Forensic Med"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.30","unstructured":"Chaudhary BL , Singh D , Tirpude BH , et al . Profile of road traffic accident cases in Kasturba Hospital of MGIMS, Sevagram, Wardha, Maharashtra. Ind Med 2005;5."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.31","first-page":"639","article-title":"A profile of the autopsies of road traffic accident victims in Jammu","volume":"2","author":"Khajuria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041011"},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.33","unstructured":"Gururaj G . Road safety in India: a framework for action. Bangalore: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, 2011."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.34","unstructured":"Luoma J , Sivak M . Road safety management in Brazil Russia India China. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2012."},{"key":"2025092505093487000_23.1.1.35","unstructured":"Bhalla K , Shotten M , Cohen A , et al . Transport for health: the global burden of disease due to injuries and air pollution from motorized road transport. Washington DC: World Bank Global Road Safety Facility, and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2014. http:\/\/www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org\/gbd\/publications\/policy-report\/transport-health-global-burden-disease-motorized-road-transport"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T12:09:48Z","timestamp":1758802188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]}}}