{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:13:42Z","timestamp":1784956422877,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Most fatal drownings worldwide occur in open water. Flotation devices may protect swimmers. Their use by those recreating in water has not been described.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observational survey of swimmers and waders at designated swim sites at lakes and rivers evaluated them by age group, sex, type of flotation used (life jacket vs substandard flotation, eg, water wings, noodles, inflatables) and, for children &lt;6\u2005years, being within arm's reach of an adult.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 1967 swimmers\/waders observed, 37% used some type of flotation device. Use rates, especially of life jackets, decreased with increasing age. Children &lt;6\u2005years had the highest use of some type of flotation (140\/212, 66%) and the highest use of life jackets (50.5%). Children &lt;13\u2005years were more likely to use flotation devices and life jackets than teens (RR 6.78, 3.62 to 12.71); boys were more likely than girls to wear life jackets (RR 1.47, 1.18 to 1.83). While teenagers and adults used flotation (29.5% and 23.5%), they rarely used life jackets (2\u20133%). Boys &lt;6\u2005years who were further than arm's length of an adult were more likely to wear life jackets than girls. Substandard flotation use did not differ among age groups (15.5\u201326.5%) but their use was greater among females in most age groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Flotation devices were frequently used for recreational wading and swimming in open water by all age groups. Life jacket use was limited to children. Promoting use of flotation devices with safety standards that provide protection as well as fun could potentially decrease open water drowning rates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T20:40:30Z","timestamp":1492634430000},"page":"123-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of life jackets and other types of flotation for in-water recreation in designated swim areas in Washington State"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Quan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Mangione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Benefit, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Benefit, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Global report on drowning: preventing a leading killer. World Health Organisation, 2014. ISBN:9789241564786. http:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/global_report_drowning\/en\/ (accessed 4 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/controller\/datarequest\/D76;jsessionid=587572A0C783CE474699A5DE4EDDD326 (accessed 6 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.3","unstructured":"Laosee O , Gilchrist J , Rudd R . Drowning \u2014 United States, 2005\u20132009. CDC, 2012"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.028688"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2013-041022"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2014-041169"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.5.2.109"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.8","unstructured":"Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Kids Don't Float Program. http:\/\/dnr.alaska.gov\/parks\/boating\/kdfhome.htm (accessed 6 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.9","unstructured":"American Red Cross. Life Jackets Aren't Just for Boats. http:\/\/www.redcross.org (accessed 20 Apr 2016)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827609348475"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.9.2.163"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.12","unstructured":"Mangione TW , Imre M , Chow W , et al . 2015 Life Jacket Wear Rate Observation Study. Boston, MA: JSI Research & Training institute, Inc., 2016. https:\/\/uscgboating.org\/library\/national-live-jacket-wear-study\/2015-life-jacket-wear-rate-observation-study-report.pdf (accessed 4 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.13","unstructured":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Mandatory Life Jacket Study\/Test. 2011. http:\/\/www.usace.army.mil\/Portals\/2\/docs\/civilworks\/recreation\/Water_Safety\/tools\/Life_Jacket_Policy_Study_Public.pdf?ver=2016-07-07-144410-997 (accessed 4 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.14","unstructured":"King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks. Summary Report of the 2011 Temporary Ordinance Requiring Personal Floatation Devices on King County Rivers. (draft). 2012. http:\/\/community.nasbla.org\/HigherLogic\/System\/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=659dbad4-f5ce-7b62-6ec8-ce164e00f649 (accessed 4 Apr 2017)."},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1076\/icsp.11.1.17.26310","article-title":"The role of supervision in child injury risk: definition, conceptual and measurement issues","volume":"1","author":"Saluja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Inj Control Saf Promot"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2013.10.015"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.17","first-page":"269","article-title":"Watching parents, watching kids: water safety supervision of young children at the beach","volume":"4","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Aquat Res Ed"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1123\/ijare.2014-0066","article-title":"Toward defining water competency: an American red cross definition","volume":"9","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Aquat Res Ed"},{"key":"2025092501453280000_24.2.123.19","unstructured":"SAFEKIDS report: Dangerous waters: Profiles of Fatal Childhood Drownings in the U.S. 2005\u20132014. https:\/\/www.safekids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/dangerous_waters_research_report.pdf (accessed 6 Apr 2017)."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042296","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T08:45:41Z","timestamp":1758789941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/injuryprev-2016-042296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]]}}}