{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:40:04Z","timestamp":1787017204528,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW007267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW007267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AO Alliance Paediatric Fracture Solution Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Motorcycle helmet use is low in Ghana and many helmets are non-standard. There are limited data on the effectiveness of the different helmet types in use in the real-world circumstances of low-income and middle-income countries. This study assessed the effect of different helmet types on risk of head injury among motorcycle crash victims in northern Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective unmatched case\u2013control study was conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). All persons who had injuries from a motorcycle crash within 2\u2009weeks of presentation to TTH were consecutively sampled. A total of 349 cases, persons who sustained minor to severe head injury, and 363 controls, persons without head injury, were enrolled. A semistructured questionnaire was used to interview patients and review their medical records. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds for head injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After adjusting for confounders, the odds of head injuries were 93% less in motorcyclists with full-face helmet (FFH) (adjusted OR, AOR 0.07, 95%\u2009CI 0.04 to 0.15) or open-face helmet (OFH) (AOR 0.07, 95%\u2009CI 0.04, 0.13), compared with unhelmeted motorcyclists. Half-coverage helmets (HCH) were less effective (AOR 0.41, 95%\u2009CI 0.18 to 0.92). With exception of HCH, the AORs of head injury for the different types of helmets were lower in riders (FFH=0.06, OFH=0.05 and HCH=0.47) than in pillion riders (FFH=0.11, OFH=0.12 and HCH=0.35).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even in this environment where there is a high proportion of non-standard helmets, the available helmets provided significant protection against head injury, but with considerably less protection provided by HCHs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2022-044683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T13:20:48Z","timestamp":1664976048000},"page":"50-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of different helmet types in head injuries: a case\u2013control study in northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Baffour Appiah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"},{"name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Akweongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy, Planning, and Management, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Oko","family":"Sackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin Tangnaa","family":"Morna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Kenu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Applied Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis Dun Bo-ib","family":"Buunaaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samual Akobour Yaw","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9737-9827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas K","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Cape Coast College of Humanities and Legal Studies, Cape Coast, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medical Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles N","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092501445328000_29.1.50.1","unstructured":"WHO AFRO . 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