{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:07:55Z","timestamp":1769908075550,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Individuals with non-English language preferences (NELP) represent a growing proportion of the USA population. Prior studies demonstrate disparate health outcomes related to NELP status; however, this patient population is often excluded from medical research. There is a paucity of literature describing the impact of NELP status on trauma, specifically injury and outcomes related to vehicle occupants injured during motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). The goal of this study was to evaluate the representation of patients with NELP in both emergency medicine and trauma literature.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We conducted a systematic search of US-based publications from 2010 to 2021. Titles, abstracts and full texts of eligible articles were evaluated. Data were extracted using an a priori determined standardised reporting tool to evaluate language as study inclusion\/exclusion criteria, manuscript reporting of language, assessment of language as a primary variable and consideration of language in study methodology.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 82 studies met inclusion criteria. Twenty-three studies (28%) excluded NELP populations and only one study explicitly included the NELP population. None of the studies evaluated language as a primary outcome of the study or included language as a variable in the analysis. Over half of the studies (53.6%) used a public data set or registry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NELP populations are routinely excluded from and are difficult to identify in MVC trauma research. Without appropriate inclusion and identification, it will be difficult to understand the prevalence and outcomes of traumatic injury in NELP patients and to develop culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2022-044813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T13:20:38Z","timestamp":1677590438000},"page":"253-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Representation of patients with non-English language preferences in motor vehicle collision trauma and emergency medicine research"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Margaret","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Tibbetts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4727-555X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Cordone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Leff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rand N","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy P","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Brackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1274-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Zeidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-021-01257-w","article-title":"Rethinking the term \u201climited english proficiency\u201d to improve language-appropriate healthcare for all","volume":"24","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau . People that speak English less than \u201cvery well\u201d in the United States. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/visualizations\/interactive\/people-that-speak-english-less-than-very-well.html [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9552-1"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhq.12065"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-04847-5","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of patient-physician non-English language concordance on quality of care and outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Diamond","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e31828e62f4"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4493-8","article-title":"Emergency department care for patients with limited English proficiency: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Schulson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0019","article-title":"Language interpreter utilization in the emergency department setting: a clinical review","volume":"19","author":"Ramirez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.26.5.1258"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1474515115596645"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.11","first-page":"775","article-title":"Disparities after discharge: the association of limited English proficiency and postdischarge patient-reported issues","volume":"47","author":"Malevanchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.09.033","article-title":"Preoperative consent for patients with limited English proficiency","volume":"200","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31828c331d"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.05.008","article-title":"Potential disparities in trauma: the undocumented Latino immigrant","volume":"191","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.1.247"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/35.4.267"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.17","unstructured":"Pew Research Center . Facts on U.S. immigrants, 2018; 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/hispanic\/2020\/08\/20\/facts-on-u-s-immigrants\/ [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.18","unstructured":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis . Race and ethnicity in fatal motor vehicle traffic crashes 1999 \u2013 2004. 2006. Available: https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/809956 [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.19","unstructured":"Roll J , McNeil N . Understanding pedestrian injuries and social equity. 2021. Available: https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/60304 [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.07.025"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Emergency department visit rates for motor vehicle crashes by selected characteristics: united states, 2017\u20132018. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db410.htm#:~:text=NOTES%3A%20Based%20on%20a%20sample,of%203.4%20million%20ED%20visits [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2017.25.112-115","article-title":"Exclusion of non-English speakers in published emergency medicine research-a comparison of 2004 and 2014","volume":"25","author":"Brodeur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Inform Med"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-022-01368-y","article-title":"Limited english proficiency as a barrier to inclusion in emergency medicine-based clinical stroke research","volume":"25","author":"Zeidan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2022.03.005","article-title":"Lost in translation: a qualitative analysis of facilitators and barriers to collecting patient reported outcome measures for surgical patients with limited English proficiency","volume":"224","author":"Allar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.25","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Section 1557: ensuring meaningful access for individuals with limited English proficiency. 2010. Available: www.hhs.gov\/civil-rights\/for-individuals\/section-1557 [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.26","unstructured":"Center for Immigration Studies . 67.3 million in the United States spoke a foreign language at home in 2018. 2019. Available: https:\/\/cis.org\/Report\/673-Million-United-States-Spoke-Foreign-Language-Home-2018 [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"29","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.28","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Child passenger safety: get the facts. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/transportationsafety\/child_passenger_safety\/cps-factsheet.html [Accessed Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.29","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Pedestrian safety. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/transportationsafety\/pedestrian_safety\/index.html [Accessed Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.30","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation . Covidence systematic review software. n.d. Available: www.covidence.org"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.31","unstructured":"R Core Team . R: A language and environment for statistical computing;"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2012.690545","article-title":"Feasibility of a computer-delivered driver safety behavior screening and intervention program initiated during an emergency department visit","volume":"14","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003294","article-title":"Inequity in discharge pain management for trauma patients with limited English proficiency","volume":"91","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303201","article-title":"Challenges in identifying refugees in national health data sets","volume":"106","author":"Semere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.35","unstructured":"Migration Policy Institute . Immigrant health care workers in the united states. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/immigrant-health-care-workers-united-states [Accessed Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.36","unstructured":"Migration Policy Institute . Immigrant-origin students in U.S. higher education: a data profile. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/research\/immigrant-origin-students-us-higher-education [Accessed Feb 2023]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E319","DOI":"10.1001\/amajethics.2022.319","article-title":"How should representation of subjects with LEP become more equitable in clinical trials?","volume":"24","author":"Alhalel","year":"2022","journal-title":"AMA J Ethics"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/02739615.2015.1065743","article-title":"Teaching preschoolers safety rules: a pilot study of injury prevention","volume":"45","author":"Kenny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Health Care"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.029215.79","article-title":"The effectiveness of a culturally sensitive burn and fire prevention program designed for inner city school students and parents","volume":"16","author":"Rimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury Prevention"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9755-0"},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.41","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . Motor vehicle safety at work. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/motorvehicle\/default.html [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092604002744000_29.3.253.42","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics . The injury prevention program. 2022. Available: https:\/\/publications.aap.org\/patiented\/pages\/c_tipp [Accessed May-Sep 2022]."}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:00:38Z","timestamp":1758884438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044813"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2022-044813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044813","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}