{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:19:45Z","timestamp":1777090785594,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health\/ NINDS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01HD098176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD098176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Iowa Governors Highway Safety Bureau","award":["588DSA2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["588DSA2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motor vehicle crashes among teen drivers often involve passengers in the teen\u2019s vehicle and occupants of other vehicles, and the full cost burden for all individuals is largely unknown. This analysis estimated direct hospitalisation and emergency department charges for teen-involved crashes by teen culpability, comparing charges for the teen driver, passengers and occupants of other vehicles.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Probabilistic linkage was performed to link the Iowa police crash reports with Iowa emergency department and Iowa hospital inpatient data. Teen drivers aged 14\u201317 involved in a crash from 2016 through 2020 were included. Teen culpability was determined through the crash report and examined by teen and crash characteristics. Direct medical charges were estimated from charges through linkage to the Iowa hospital inpatient and the Iowa emergency department databases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among the 28\u2009062 teen drivers involved in vehicle crashes in Iowa between 2016 and 2020, 62.1% were culpable and 37.9% were not culpable. For all parties involved, the inpatient charges were $20.5 million in culpable crashes and $7.2 million in non-culpable crashes. The emergency department charges were $18.7 million in teen culpable crashes and $6.8 million in teen non-culpable crashes. Of the $20.5 million total inpatient charges in which a teen driver was culpable, charges of $9.5 million (46.3%) were for the injured teen driver and $11.0 million (53.7%) for other involved parties.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Culpable teen-involved crashes lead to higher proportions of injury and higher medical charges, with most of these charges covering other individuals in the crash.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2022-044841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T13:20:15Z","timestamp":1683292815000},"page":"334-339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Direct medical charges of all parties in teen-involved vehicle crashes by culpability"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-2538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corinne","family":"Peek-Asa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Affairs and Department of Epidemiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara J","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"O'Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.1","unstructured":"Insurance Institute for highway safety and the highway loss data Institute. fatality facts 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.iihs.org\/topics\/fatality-statistics\/detail\/teenagers [Accessed 15 Oct 2022]."},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.2","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention, National Institute for health statistics. WISQARS. live query of 15\u201318 year-old emergency department visits and hospitalizations for motor vehicle occupant injuries [dataset]. Available: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/injury\/wisqars\/index.html [Accessed 15 Sep 2022]."},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.01.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of parent-focused interventions to increase teen driver safety: a critical review","volume":"57","author":"Curry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12253-y","article-title":"Effects of interventions for preventing road traffic crashes: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"22","author":"Fisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(94)90037-X"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000087645.62474.91"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.14.050193.002503"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.5.327"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.07.019","article-title":"Factors affecting charges and hospital length of stay from teenage motor vehicle crash hospitalizations","volume":"43","author":"Peek-Asa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid Analysis Prev"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2005.010983"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.9.889"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.12","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention. state-specific costs of motor vehicle crash deaths [online]. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/transportationsafety\/statecosts\/index.html [Accessed 15 Oct 2022]."},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.13","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention, National Institute for health statistics. WISQARS. live query of lifetime costs of 15\u201318 year-old motor vehicle occupant injuries [dataset]. Available: https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov\/cost\/ [Accessed 15 Sep 2022]."},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.14","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal EO , Wendt L , Hamann C , et al . n.d. Rates and predictors of teen driver crash culpability [In press]. J Safety Res"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140510"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.16","unstructured":"McGlincy M . A Bayesian record linkage methodology for multiple imputation of missing data. Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods; Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, 2004:4001\u20138"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.17","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention. motor vehicle crash deaths: costly but preventable; Iowa [online]. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/transportationsafety\/pdf\/statecosts\/2020\/CDC-Cost-of-Crash-Deaths-Fact-Sheets_Iowa.pdf [Accessed 15 Oct 2022]."},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.10.038","article-title":"Passenger presence and the relative risk of teen driver death","volume":"70","author":"Villavicencio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2013.11.001","article-title":"Characteristics of teens-with-teens fatal crashes in the United States, 2005-2010","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.20","unstructured":"Waller P , Reinfurt DW . The Who and When of Accident Risk: Can Driver License Programs Provide Countermeasures. Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Highway Safety Research Center, 1973."},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6529a1","article-title":"Graduated driver licensing night driving restrictions and drivers aged 16 or 17 years involved in fatal night crashes-United States, 2009-2014","volume":"65","author":"Shults","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2010.03.002"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2015.11.006","article-title":"History and current status of state graduated driver licensing (gdl) laws in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"2025092503572244000_29.4.334.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell KF , Vandermeer B , Hartling L . Graduated driver licensing for reducing motor vehicle crashes among young drivers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD003300. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD003300.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003300.pub3"}],"container-title":["Injury Prevention"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:57:30Z","timestamp":1758797850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/injuryprevention.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/ip-2022-044841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ip-2022-044841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-8047","1475-5785"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-8047","type":"print"},{"value":"1475-5785","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]}}}