{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:40:10Z","timestamp":1787017210836,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01MD015768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01MD015768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32HD108054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HD108054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Inj Prev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Every year, thousands of people from Latin America and the Caribbean are migrating to the USA. Policy-makers have argued that US firearms are fuelling violence in these countries and are contributing to migration. The objective of this article is to examine the proportion of immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean arriving at the US border who have previously been threatened with a firearm. This article further explores sociodemographic factors associated with the likelihood of previous firearm-related threats, whether those threats are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as the reasons behind those threats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from a survey of migrants recruited at the southern US border from March 2022 to August 2023. To be selected, respondents had to be 18 years of age or older, had to speak English or Spanish and come from a Latin American or Caribbean country. We used descriptive statistics and a logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed 321 cases. Roughly, 48% of respondents reported previous firearm-related threats. Males and respondents coming from Honduras, Venezuela and El Salvador were more likely to report previous firearm-related threats. There was a strong association between previous firearm-related threats and signs of post-traumatic stress disorder. Most threats occurred during robberies or extortions, but other threats were perpetrated by authorities, to prevent crime reporting, or by intimate partners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Understanding the violence, particularly firearm-related violence, experienced by those migrating to the USA from Latin America and the Caribbean could help guide policy discussion and actions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2024-045369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T13:20:29Z","timestamp":1729689629000},"page":"155-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Firearm-related threats before migrating to the USA from Latin America and the Caribbean"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8594-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Weigend Vargas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Firearm Injury Prevention, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Goldstick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.37.1.199"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.2","unstructured":"Muggah R , Tobon KA . Citizen security in Latin America: facts and figures. Igarape Institute; 2018. Available: https:\/\/igarape.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Citizen-Security-in-Latin-America-Facts-and-Figures.pdf"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.3","unstructured":"Medecins Sans Frontieres . Forced to flee central America\u2019s northern triangle: a neglected humanitarian crisis. 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.msf.org\/sites\/default\/files\/msf_forced-to-flee-central-americas-northern-triangle_e.pdf"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.25222\/larr.147","article-title":"Leaving the Devil You Know: Crime Victimization, US Deterrence Policy, and the Emigration Decision in Central America","volume":"53","author":"Hiskey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lat American Res Rev"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.5","unstructured":"Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco Firearms and Explosives (ATF) . Firearms trace data-2021. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.atf.gov\/resource-center\/firearms-trace-data-2021"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip-2023-045055"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.7","unstructured":"US Government Accountability Office . Firearms trafficking: more information is needed to inform US efforts in Central America. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-22-104680.pdf"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.8","unstructured":"Stefano P . American guns are a key driver in the migration crisis. When will the us address it? CNN. 2021 Available: https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/06\/07\/americas\/kamala-harris-central-america-gun-intl\/index.html"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.9","unstructured":"Office of Representative Joaquin Castro . Reps. Castro, Goldman, and Thompson introduced bill to curb trafficking of American guns into Mexico. 2023. Available: https:\/\/castro.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/reps-castro-goldman-and-thompson-introduce-bill-to-curb-trafficking-of-american-guns-into-mexico"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.11","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs . PTSD: national center for PSTD. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/professional\/assessment\/adult-sr\/ptsd-checklist.asp"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.12","unstructured":"Schumacher S , Kirzinger A , Presiado M , et al . Americans\u2019 experiences with gun-related violence, injuries, and deaths. KFF; 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/other\/poll-finding\/americans-experiences-with-gun-related-violence-injuries-and-deaths\/#:~:text=Experiences%20with%20gun%2Drelated%20incidents,personally%20witnessed%20someone%20being%20shot"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.10060"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106374"},{"key":"2026012002250625000_32.1.155.15","unstructured":"Joshua G . US intercepts venezuela-bound aircraft loaded with firearms. Associated Press; 2020. 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